688 APPENDIX. 



any particular locality, or in any particular fluid, merely because 

 a few cells having all the characters of a pus-globule have been 

 observed. To say that 'pus had been found in the blood,' or 

 that 'the casts of the uriniferous tubes contained pus,' would 

 lead to a very different inference from that derived from the 

 statement that ' cells having all the characters of pus-globules 

 had been found in the blood,' or that the 'casts of the tubes con- 

 tained cells resembling those of pus.' The former will be true 

 in extremely few cases ; the latter in a vast number that fall 

 under the observation of every practitioner. If, however, we 

 find a considerable number of globules under the field of the 

 microscope, of nearly uniform size, agreeing in general charac- 

 ters with the pus-globule, and upon the addition of acetic acid 

 exhibiting the characteristic reaction, we shall seldom be wrong 

 in inferring that they are really pus-cells." 



Faeces. In the faeces may be found, says Prof. Bennott, "1st. 

 All the parts which compose the structure of the walls of the 

 alimentary canal ; 2d. All kinds of morbid products ; and 3d. 

 All the elements which enter into the composition of food." 



In severe attacks of dysentery, epithelial scales, membranous 

 flakes, shreds of fibrous matter, pus-globules, and blood-corpus- 

 cles are all observed in the discharges, mingled sometimes with 

 crystals of the triple phosphate, and occasionally with numerous 

 torulse and sarcinse. In ulceration of the intestines, pus-globules 

 may readily be detected upon the surface of the faecal masses. 

 Perfectly formed pus and blood-globules originate low down in 

 the rectum, near the anus; broken-down globules originate 

 higher up in the bowel. The white flocculi composing the stools 

 of cholera patients consist of epithelial cells imbedded in mucus. 

 Sometimes the sheaths of the villi are also found, together with 

 free nuclei. 



In the stools of typhus and other fevers of a low type great 

 quantities of crystallized phosphates and carbonates are found.' 



Dr. Farre, Prof. Bennett, and others, have observed collections 

 of confervoid growths in the matters discharged from the bowels. 

 Urine. The student should early accustom himself to the 

 examination of the various constituents of healthy urine. He 

 cannot be too familiar with the different appearances presented 

 by different specimens of this important secretion. Sometimes 

 the urine will appear utterly structureless or homogeneous, 

 offering absolutely nothing for examination. At other times, 

 even the well-educated eye, will with difficulty identify the 

 various and dissimilar objects crowded together in the field of 

 the microscope, and which have accidentally found their way 

 into the urine, or been introduced by the patient for purposes of 

 deception. Starch-granules, woody fibres, hair, fragments of 

 wool, cotton, feathers, &c., have all in their turn, and very fre- 

 quently, been mistaken for some of the ordinary matters de- 

 posited by the urine. "We take from Dr. Beale's work on the 



