692 



APPENDIX. 



FIG. 409. 



same time, it should be understood that they may be more or 

 less associated together, and that the rule is not invariable." 

 Dr. Beale divides them into three classes according to their 

 diameter; namely, 1st. Casts of medium diameter, about the 



l-700th of an inch. These 

 contain granular matter with 

 epithelial debris, oil-globules, 

 and occasionally blood and 

 pus-corpuscles. In the urine 

 of a cholera patient, Dr. 

 Beale once detected dumb- 

 bell and octohedral crystals 

 of oxalate of lime in one of 

 these casts. 2d. Casts of con- 

 siderable diameter, about the 

 l-500th of an inch. These 

 are transparent and have a 

 smooth, glistening, or waxy appearance. Sometimes they are 

 granular. 3d. Casts of small diameter about the 1-1 000th of an 



inch. According to Dr. 

 Johnson these originate in 

 cases in which there is no 

 tendency on the part of the 

 epithelium to desquamate, 

 as in non-desquamative ne- 

 phritis. 



Spermatozoa are some- 

 times found in the urine 

 when examined soon after it has been passed. They can be seen 

 with a power of two hundred diameters, though in demonstrating 

 them it is better to employ a power of four hundred diameters. (Fig. 



FIG. 411. 



FIG. 410. 



Tube containing an homogeneous cast. 



411.) The presence of these bodies in the urine must not be regarded 

 as a sign of spermatorrhoea, unless accompanied with the symp- 



