168 THE FOOD OF ANIMALS 



ants. Cutting incisors are present in the lower jaw, and also 

 canines which resemble them in shape, being quite unlike the 

 lower tusks of Carnivores, to which they correspond. Front 

 teeth, however, are entirely absent in the upper jaw, their place 

 being taken by a hard elastic pad, against which the teeth below 

 bite. The point is illustrated by the old story of the knavish 

 dealer who sold some old ewes to a greenhorn as particularly 

 fine lambs, pointing out as proof that the upper front teeth had 

 not been cut. The cheek-teeth are complex grinders, something 

 like those of the horse, but not nearly so specialized. Enormous 

 salivary glands are present, in correlation with the starchy matter 

 of which the food largely consists, and which is converted into 

 sugar by the action of saliva and pancreatic juice. The internal 

 digestive organs are exceedingly bulky, the intestines being from 



Fig. 418. Stomach of Sheep (Ovis arie~ 



Shown cut open on right. The lower end of gullet is seen above and beginning of intestine to left. 

 pa. Paunch; ret. honey-comb stomach; ps. manyplies; r.st. rennet stomach. 



twenty to twenty-two times the length of the body, much longer 

 than in the Horse, though not equalling the Sheep and Goat, where 

 they attain as much as from twenty-eight to thirty times that rela- 

 tive length. The most remarkable peculiarity of the Ox and other 

 ruminants, however, is found in the enormous and complex stomach 

 (fig. 418), related to the habit of rumination, or, as it is popularly 

 termed, " chewing the cud ", which enables these animals to take 

 in a large bulk of food very rapidly, and afterwards to masticate 

 it at leisure. To this stomach there are no less than four com- 

 partments, as follows: (i) An enormous paunch (rumen) on the 

 left-hand side, and having about nine-tenths the entire capacity 

 of the stomach; it communicates by a wide aperture with (2) the 

 honey-comb stomach (reticulum), so called because its lining is 

 raised into a net-work of prominent ridges presenting some re- 



