vi CONTENTS 



CHAPTER LII. MUSCULAR LOCOMOTION FLYING MAMMALS 

 (MAMMALIA), BIRDS (AVES), AND REPTILES (REPTILIA) 



Page 



THE FLIGHT OF BATS (CHIROPTERA) Structure of Flying-Organs and Mode of 



Flight. Evolution of the Habit. Wide Distribution - 292 



THE FLIGHT OF BIRDS (AVES) Structure of Birds in Relation to Flight: Com- 

 parison with Bats. Evolution of the Habit, Archceopteryx. Feathers. 

 Skeleton. Muscles of Flight 295 



Active Flight : The Flying Mechanism in Action. Steering and Stopping. 

 Speed and Endurance Pigeons (Columba livid), Swallows (Hirundo), Swifts 

 (Cypselus\ American Golden Plover (Charadrius Virginicus) - 302 



Passive Flight: Gliding, how effected Gulls, Pigeons, Falcons. Soaring 

 of Birds of Prey, Crows, Pelicans, and Storks. Theories of Soaring - - 305 



THE FLIGHT OF REPTILES (REPTILIA) Extinct Flying Reptiles (Pterosauria) 308 



THE FLIGHT OF INSECTS (INSECTA) Structure in Relation to Flight. The 

 Flying Mechanism in Action. Modification of the Wings in different Insects 

 Dragon-Flies, Bees, Moths, Flies, Beetles, Stylops, Fleas, Lice. Evolution 

 of the Wings - - 309 



ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT 



% CHAPTER LIIL ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT GENERAL 

 PRINCIPLES VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES New Individuals Produced by Overgrowth. Gradual 



Development to Adult Stage by Processes of Growth .-.. 316 



VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Nature of Cells. Contrast between Animalcules or 



One-celled Animals (Protozoa) and Many-celled Animals (Metazoa) - - - 317 



VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN ANIMALCULES (PROTOZOA) Splitting (Fission) 

 Proteus Animalcule (Amccba)) Trumpet- Animalcule (Stentor), Bell- Animalcule 

 (Vorticella}. Budding (Gemmation) External Buds of Suctoria, Ephelota 

 gemmipara ; Internal Buds of Suctoria, Tokophrya quadripartata. Spore- 

 Formation Multiple Fission, Spores, Cysts ; Spore-Animalcules (Sporozoa) ; 

 Fungus- Animalcules (Mycetozoa); Life-History of Colpoda cucullus. Conjuga- 

 tion of Animalcules Slipper-Animalcule (Paramcecium\ Bell-Animalcule 

 (Vorticella} 318 



VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION AND REGENERATION IN SPONGES (PORIFERA) 

 Production of Colonies. External Buds of Polylophus, &c. Internal Buds of 

 Freshwater Sponge (Spongilla). Artificial Cuttings of Bath Sponge (Euspongia) 325 



VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION AND REGENERATION IN ZOOPHYTES (CCELENTERATA) 

 Budding of Freshwater Polype (Hydra). Colonial Hydrozoa. Budding, 

 Fission, and Laceration of Sea-Anemones. Simple and Colonial Corals. Re- 

 generative Powers of Freshwater Polype (Hydra), &c. 327 



VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION AND REGENERATION IN HEDGEHOG-SKINNED 

 ANIMALS (ECHINODERMATA) Regenerative Powers. "Comet" Star-Fishes. 

 Fission in certain Star-Fishes (Linckiidce} 328 



