4 88 ANIMAL LIFE-HISTORIES 



tively. The Tapirs are solitary animals, which produce a single 

 young one at birth. While the adult is either uniformly coloured, 

 as in the Brazilian Tapir (fig 1002), or dark with the hinder part 

 whitish, the young are remarkable in being marked with yellowish 

 streaks and spots. All these varieties in coloration would appear 

 to be of protective nature, even that of the adult Malayan species, 

 of which H. N. Ridley states (in Natural Science^ 1895): "When 

 lying down during the day it exactly resembles a gray boulder, 

 and as it often lives near the rocky streams of the hill jungles, 

 it is really nearly as invisible then as it was when it was speckled ". 

 The peculiar markings of the young are precisely on a par with 

 those so often exhibited by young birds (see p. 471). We learn 

 from Ridley that in the Malayan species it is in the habit of 

 taking its daily siesta under a bush, when "its coat is so exactly 

 like a patch of ground flecked with sunlight that it is quite in- 

 visible ". The same thing is no doubt true for the Brazilian 

 form. The Rhinoceros produces a single young one, to which 

 the strength of the mother is a sufficient protection. This animal 

 is also of solitary habit. 



Horses and their allies are gregarious, and as a rule only a 

 single young one is brought forth at each birth. The chief 

 point of interest in the present connection is afforded by the 

 defensive tactics, which have elsewhere been noticed (see vol. ii, 



P- 350). 



Even-toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla}. We have here to draw 

 a distinction between the Non- Ruminating forms, including the 

 Swine and Hippopotami, and the Ruminating or cud-chewing 

 species, embracing Camels, Deer, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, Antelopes, 

 and Giraffes. 



Most wild Swine possess numerous pairs of milk-glands 

 situated in the abdominal region, and their families are large. 

 They live associated together in small droves. The young ani- 

 mals are striped, and this is no doubt a protective arrangement, as 

 in the case of Tapirs. In the remarkable pig known as the Babi- 

 russa (Porcus babirussa), native to Celebes and certain adjacent 

 islands, the young are more helpless than in other swine, and 

 tax maternal affection considerably. This exceptional state of 

 things is probably to be correlated with isolation on an island 

 area which, in the absence of predaceous forms, minimizes the 

 need for protective arrangements. In South America and the 



