92 Arenicolidae 



(1836) and Desraarest (1859), both of whom used the name Arenicola 

 marina. Malmgren (1868) placed this name at the head of the 

 section dealing with this worm in his well-known " Annulata 

 Polychaeta." Claparede, in immediately following his example, 

 pointed out the incontestable priority of the Linnaean specific name ; 

 but the designation A. piscalorum had attained such a firm hold 

 that its use was continued for many years after Claparede had 

 shown its invalidity ; indeed, it is only during the last ten or 

 fifteen years that the correct name, A. marina, has been generally 

 employed. 



In 1802 Cuvier, in his paper on worms with red blood, gave an 

 account of the gills and vascular system of Arenicola. His figures 

 contain good representations of the hearts and blood-vessels, the gills, 

 setal sacs and muscles, and the alimentary canal. They also show 

 five pairs of "bourses noiratres" [i.e. nephridia], the function of 

 which was unknown to Cuvier, but appeared to him to be connected 

 with reproduction. The function of two other " bourses charnues " 

 [oesophageal glands], attached to the oesophagus, was also then 

 unknown. 



Oken (1817) made an unaccountable mistake in the number of 

 gills. He emphasised the statement that there are sixteen pairs, and 

 not fourteen. 1 He gave a good description of the form of the gills 

 and the gut, and pointed out the true nature of the " proboscis." 



Savigny (1 820) made a more careful examination of the external 

 features of A. piscatorum than any of his predecessors. He was the 

 first to notice the presence of crotchets. He also observed, above the 

 first segment, the small trilobed " caroncule " [prostomium], retractile 

 into a transverse groove [nuchal groove]. 



Milne Edwards gave a short account, illustrated with classical 

 figures, of Arenicola piscatorum in Cuvier's Regne Animal. Grube's 

 thesis (1838) contains an excellent description of each system of 

 organs of the worm. Cosmovici (1880) dealt particularly with the 

 circulatory system and excretory organs, and Prof. Ehlers (1892) 

 with the external features of the anterior end, the nervous system, 

 and sense-organs. Vogt and Yung (1888) and Saint-Joseph (1894) 

 have published general accounts of this worm, and Drs. Gamble 

 and Ashworth (1898) a more detailed study of its anatomy and 

 morphology. The memoir of the last-named author (1904) contains 

 the latest description of the lugworm. 



1 O. F. Miiller (1806) had stated that the worm had fourteen pairs of gills. 



