APPARATUS AND METHODS. 23 



appliances mentioned in the following lists. Other articles 

 are mentioned in various parts of this book in connection 

 with special experiments. 



23. General Appliances and Articles Required. The fol- 

 lowing lists include various articles which should be available, since 

 they will all be required, especially in the putting together of 

 adapted apparatus. 



A set of carpenter's tools ; a soldering outfit ; round and trian- 

 gular files (three sizes of each) and a large flat file ; pliers, including 

 wire cutter. A set of cork borers ; a cork presser. An air-pump, 

 or an exhausting and condensing syringe. A pair of strong scales. 

 A good (not necessarily expensive) balance, to carry 100 grams and 

 sensitive to 5 milligrams ; a set of gram weights. A drying (hot air 

 or water) oven ; a sand bath. A meat-juice press. A spectroscope. 

 Retort stands ; filter stand ; clamps ; test-tube stands ; test-tube 

 brushes ; Bunsen burners or spirit lamps ; tripod stands ; mortar 

 and pestle. 



Aspirator ; beakers of various sizes ; bell jars (for many purposes 

 the cheap "cloches" used by gardeners will answer); bottles of 

 various forms and sizes ; burettes ; desiccator ; dialyser ring ; 

 Erlenmeyer (conical) flasks ; fat extraction apparatus (Soxhlet's) ; 

 filtering flasks ; funnels ; glass rods ; glass sheets ; glass tubing of 

 various diameters, including some barometer tubing and some 

 capillary tubing ; graduated vessels ; separating funnels ; Petri 

 dishes ; pipettes, plain and graduated ; Soyka flasks ; test-tubes ; 

 thermometers ; thistle funnels ; U-tubes ; vacuum flasks and 

 bulbs ; wash-bottles ; watch-glasses ; white saucers. 



Corks of various sizes ; rubber stoppers, to fit large flasks, etc. ; 

 rubber tubing, including some stout tubing ; tinfoil ; sealing- 

 wax ; plasticine ; vaseline ; beeswax ; filter-papers ; litmus papers, 

 red and blue ; gummed labels ; parchment membrane ; diffusion 

 shells, of test-tube form ; black paper ; pins ; thread ; copper wire 

 and iron wire ; hard paraffin. Wood blocks and wedges for 

 supporting apparatus. Porous flower-pots and saucers of differ- 

 ent sizes. 



Various chemicals are also required, e.g. alcohol (methylated 

 spirit) ; ammonia ; ammonium molybdate solution ; baryta water ; 

 caustic potash ; coco-butter for making joints air-tight, etc. ; 

 copper sulphate ; corrosive sublimate (mercuric chloride), as an 

 antiseptic ; distilled water ; eucalyptus oil, as an antiseptic ; hydro- 

 chloric acid, strong and 10 per cent. ; iodine solution; lead acetate; 

 lime-water ; magnesium sulphate ; nitric acid, strong and in 10 per 

 cent, solution ; potassium dichromate solution ; potassium nitrate ; 

 soda lime ; sodium chloride ; sulphuric acid, strong and in 10 per 

 cent, solution ; thymol, as an antiseptic ; wax mixture. The use 

 of each is mentioned in connection with various experiments ; see 

 also Appendix. 



