SCOTS PINE. 365 



516. Opening of the Buds. Examine an opening 

 bud in spring, and note that 



(1) The axis elongates, carrying up the spirally arranged 

 scales. 



(2) The lowest scales, which are hard and dry and have 

 no axillary buds, remain at the base of the young shoot 

 into which the resting-bud is now developing. 



(3) Each of the other scales is at first green below and 

 membranous above, with pointed tip and fringed edges, 

 but as the resting-bud opens the base of the scale hardens 

 and the upper part falls off. 



(4) Each of the axillary buds of the compound resting- 

 bud develops into a dwarf-shoot, bearing about ten scale- 

 leaves at the base, these forming a sheath around the two 

 young foliage-leaves, which soon project beyond this sheath 

 and become visible. 



(5) The two foliage-leaves of each young dwarf -shoot 

 have convex outer surface and flattened inner surfaces, the 

 latter being closely apposed at first, but later, as these 

 leaves grow in length, they diverge from each other. 



(6) In some cases, a larger or smaller number of the 

 lower dwarf-shoots are replaced by the yellow egg-shaped 

 male cones, which therefore appear just after the opening 

 of the resting bud in early summer, and each of which 

 corresponds in position to a dwarf-shoot. 



As the young shoot of the current year, arising from the 

 opening bud, grows in length, note at the top (1) the 

 young terminal bud which will open next year; (2) 

 the young lateral buds which will also open next year ; 

 (3) the young female cone or cones, each of which clearly 

 corresponds to an ordinary branch or long-shoot, since it 

 has the same position as a lateral resting-bud. 



517. T. S. Young Stem (Bud Axis). To see the 



primary arrangement of the tissues in the stem, cut trans- 

 verse sections of the axis of a bud, after removing some of 

 the bud-scales ; treat some of the sections with potash, 

 others with chlor-zinc-iodine, others with aniline sulphate. 

 Note (1) the irregular outline of the section, due to the 

 bases of the scale-leaves and clwarf-shoot buds; (2) the 



