392 APPENDIX. 



Borax Carmine is especially useful for staining protein grains 

 and the cells of Algae, also for differentiating cell-contents from 

 cell-walls when the sections are afterwards stained with methyl 

 green. Dissolve in 100 c.c. of water 4 grams of borax, add 3 grams 

 of carmine, which will dissolve on gently heating; add 80 c.c. of 

 strong alcohol, and filter. Preparations stained with carmine 

 should be mounted in glycerine. 



Calcium Chloride is used (1) solid and dried well by heating, 

 for absorption of water in experiments on transpiration; (2) in 

 strong aqueous solution for the clearing of growing-points, etc. 



Calcium Nitrate is used (1) as an ingredient in Knop culture 

 solution ; (2) as a test for presence of oxalic acid, calcium oxalate 

 being precipitated in crystals. (3) To demonstrate the lamellae in 

 starch grains, place sections in strong aqueous solution of methyl 

 violet, then treat with dilute solution of calcium nitrate the 

 methyl violet is precipitated in the less dense lamellae of the grains. 



Canada Balsam, dissolved in xylol or benzole to form a syrup, 

 is the best medium for making permanent mounts of sections, which 

 must be previously dehydrated by means of absolute alcohol and 

 then treated with oil of cloves, xylol, or cajeput oil. If the balsam 

 gets too thick, thin it with xylol ; if too thin, thicken it by simply 

 leaving the bottle open for some time to let the xylol evaporate off. 



Callus Reagent (Russow's). Mix equal volumes of chlor- 

 zinc- iodine and of potassium iodide solution of iodine. This stains 

 the callus of sieve-tubes deep brown. 



Cane Sugar is used (1) as strong aqueous solution, along with 

 sulphuric acid, as a test for proteins, giving a red colour ; (2) in 5 to 

 20 per cent, solution as a nutrient medium for the growth of pollen- 

 tubes, etc. ; (3) in more dilute solution in which to mount living 

 cells which are often injured by being mounted in water. 



Carbolic Acid (Phenol) is used (1) in small quantities as an 

 antiseptic, e.g. in experiments on digestion of proteins ; (2) to pre- 

 vent growth of Fungi in glycerine or glycerine jelly; (3) as a 

 clearing agent sections, entire leaves, etc., after treatment with 

 alcohol are placed in 3 parts of turpentine and 1 of carbolic acid, 

 and soon become very transparent ; (4) as a clearing agent, together 

 with turpentine, before mounting alcohol -treated specimens in 

 balsam ; (5) along with hydrochloric acid, as a test for lignin 

 dissolve the carbolic acid in warm hydrochloric acid, and the solu- 

 tion will turn lignified walls green on being exposed to light. 



Chloral Hydrate. Dissolve 5 parts (in grams) of chloral 

 hydrate in 2 parts (in c.c.) of water. This solution is one of the 

 best clearing agents for showing structure of leaves, crystals in 

 tissues or whole leaves if not too thick, pollen grains, embryo in 

 ovules and archegonia, etc. 



