viii CONTENTS 



PAGE 



IV. THE WORK OF STEMS 112 



V. WOOD STRUCTURE IN ITS RELATION TO INDUSTRIAL USES . 118 



VI. FORESTRY 124 



FIELD WORK 128 



CHAPTER V. BUDS AND BRANCHES 



I. MODES OF BRANCHING 131 



II. BUDS 138 



III. THE BRANCHING OF FLOWER STEMS 141 



FIELD WORK 145 



CHAPTER VI. THE LEAF 



I. THE TYPICAL LEAF AND ITS PARTS 147 



II. THK VEINING AND LOBING OF LEAVES 154 



III. TRANSPIRATION 160 



IV. ANATOMY OF THE LEAF ........ 164 



V. FOOD MAKING . . .168 



VI. THE LEAF AN ORGAN OF RESPIRATION 174 



VII. THE ADJUSTMENT OF LEAVES TO EXTERNAL RELATIONS . 177 



VIII. MODIFIED LEAVES ......... 189 



FIELD WORK .194 



CHAPTER VII. THE FLOWER 



I. DISSECTION OF TYPES WITH SUPERIOR OVARY . . . 196 



II. DISSECTION OF TYPES WITH INFERIOR OVARY . . . 204 



III. STUDY OF A COMPOSITE FLOWER 210 



IV. SPECIALIZED FLOWERS 214 



V. FUNCTION AND WORK OF THE FLOWER 219 



VI. HYBRIDIZATION . 223 



VII. PLANT BREEDING 230 



VIII. ECOLOGY OF THE FLOWER 



A. THE PREVENTION OF SELF-POLLINATION . . . 235 



B. WIND POLLINATION 239 



C. INSECT POLLINATION ....... 241 



D. PROTECTIVE ADAPTATION ...... 245 



FIELD WORK 249 



