174 PRACTICAL COURSE IN BOTANY 



8. Is the practice of lopping and pruning very closely, as in the process 

 called "pollarding," beneficial to a tree under ordinary conditions ? (186, 

 189; Exp. 63.) 



9. Name some plants of your neighborhood that grow well in the shade. 



10. Compare in this respect Bermuda grass and Kentucky blue grass ; 

 cotton and maize; horse nettle (Solanum Carolinense] and dandelion; 

 beech, oak, red maple, dogwood, pine, cedar, holly, magnolia, etc. 



11. Name all the aromatic leaves you can think of ; all that are used as 

 food, beverages, drugs, and dyes. 



12. What is the use of aromatic and medicinal leaves to the plant itself ? 

 (Suggestion: Why does the housewife put lavender or tobacco leaves in 

 her woolen chest ?) 



13. Which would be richer in nourishment, hay cut in the evening or 

 in the morning, and why? (54, 186; Exp. 70.) 



14. Mention three important sanitary services that are rendered by a 

 tree like that shown in plate 6 or 8. (180, 185, 189.) 



15. Name some of the plants employed in the manufacture of starch. 



VI. THE LEAF AN ORGAN OF RESPIRATION 



MATERIAL. A number of vigorous, freshly cut green leaves ; a liter 

 or two (one or two quarts) of expanding flower or leaf buds. 



APPLIANCES. -Some wide-mouthed jars of one or two liters' capacity; 

 two small open vials of limewater. 



EXPERIMENT 72. Do LEAVES GIVE OFF CARBON DIOXIDE ? Cover 

 the bottoms of two wide-mouthed jars with water about two centimeters 

 (1 inch) deep. Place in one a number of healthy green leaves with 

 their stalks in the water, and insert among them a small open vial con- 

 taining limewater. In the other jar place only a vial of limewater in the 

 clear water at the bottom, this last being merely to make the conditions 

 in both vessels the same. Seal both tight and keep together in the dark 

 for about 48 hours, and then examine. In which jar does the lime- 

 water indicate the greater accumulation of C0 2 ? (It may show a slight 

 milkiness in the other vessel due to gas derived from the inclosed air and 

 water.) From this experiment, what process would you conclude has 

 been going on among the leaves in jar No. 1 ? (Exp. 25.) 



EXPERIMENT 73. Is THE EXHALATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ACCOM- 

 PANIED BY ANY OTHER CONCOMITANT OF RESPIRATION ? In ExpS. 24, 



25, it was shown that respiration is accompanied by heat ; hence, if the 

 production of carbon dioxide by the leaf is due to this cause, it should be 

 attended by the evolution of heat. To find out whether this is the case, 

 partly fill a glass jar of two liters' capacity with unfolding 1'eaf buds ar- 



