CRYPTOGAMS 



325 



cup, or merely by concentric rings or rag- 

 ged bits of membrane (the remains of the 

 volva). Look for the annulus or ring (re- 

 mains of the veil) near the insertion of the 

 stipe into the cap, and if there is one, notice 

 whether it adheres to the stipe, or moves 

 freely up and down (Fig. 459, a) ; whether 

 it is thick and firm, or broad and membra- 

 nous so that it hangs like a sort of curtain 

 round the upper part of the stipe (Fig. 

 467, a). Break the stem and notice whether 

 it is hollow or solid; observe also the texture, FlQ 

 whether brittle, cartilaginous, fibrous, or mushroom 



n , procera), showing 



nesny . movable annulus : st, 



373. The pileus, or cap. Observe this as stipe ; a ' am lus ' or 



ring; u, umbo ; p, p, 



to color and surface, whether dry, or moist floccose patches left 

 and sticky; smooth, or covered with scurf byvolva - 

 or scales left by the remains of the volva, as it was stretched 

 and broken up by the expanding cap (Fig. 459, p, p). Note 

 also the size and shape, whether coni- 

 cal, expanded, funnel-shaped (Fig. 460), 

 or umbonate having a protuberance 

 at the apex (Fig. 459) or whether the 

 margin is turned up at the edge (revo- 

 lute, Fig. 467), or under (involute, Fig. 

 459). 



374. The gills, or laminae. Look at 

 the under surface and notice whether 

 the gills are broad or narrow, whether 

 they extend straight from stem to mar- 



FIG. 460. Chanterelle . ' , 



(Canthardius dbarius), with gm, or are rounded at the ends, or 

 infundibuiiform pileus and curve d, toothed, or lobed in any way. 



deeurrent gills. . ; . , * 



Notice their attachment to the stipe, 



whether free, not touching it at all ; adnate, attached squarely 

 to the stem at their anterior ends ; or decurrent, running 

 down on the stem for a greater or less distance (Fig. 460). 



