PINE FAMILY 45 



Refs. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 12, p. 73, t. 605 (1898) ; Jepson, Fl. 

 W. Mid. Cal. p. 19 (1901). Abies heterophylla Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. vol. 1, p. 119 (1832). 

 T. mertensiana Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. 2, p. 250 (1867) ; Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, 

 p. 120 (1880). Western Hemlock, Allen, U. S. Bur. For. Bull. no. 33 (1902). 



2. T. mertensiana Sarg. ALPINE HEMLOCK. Alpine tree 25 to 90 (rarely 

 115) feet high, with conical trunk y 2 to 2^ feet in diameter, bearing branches 

 quite to the ground and forming pyramidal bases which are soon narrowed to 

 slender tops; branches slender, horizontal or mostly drooping, the branchlets 

 slender, pubescent and drooping; leaves standing out all around the branchlet, 

 flattish above, strongly ridged below, bearing stomata on both surfaces, blunt- 

 ish at apex, y to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide, shortly petioled; staminate 

 catkins mostly violet-purple, 2 lines long, on peduncles 2 to 3 lines long; cones 

 cylindric and tapering to base and apex, 1^ to 3 inches long, % to % inch 

 in diameter; opened cones oblong in outline or tapering from base to apex, 

 1 to li/4 inches in diameter; scales thin, rounded at apex, in the open cone 

 spreading at right angles to the axis or even recurving, their bracts % to % 

 as long, rounded above and tipped with a short point; seeds 2^2 lines long, 

 the wing 4 or 5 lines long. 



Timberline tree in the Sierra Nevada. 6,000 to 11,000 feet, in frequent 

 patches of limited extent, from Bubb's Creek northward to Mt. Shasta, west- 

 ward to the Trinity Mts., Marble Mt. (W.L.J. no. 2820), Klamath Range 

 and Siskiyous, far north to Alaska and northern Montana. Fruit-bearing 

 branchlets often forming dense drooping clusters of cones in top of tree. 

 Trunks on sharp slopes kneed or curved at base from the weight of snow on 

 the stems when young. Also called Black Hemlock and, in former times, 

 ' ' Williamson Spruce. ' ' 



Refs. TSUGA MERTENSIANA Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 12, p. 77, t. 606 (1898). Finns mer- 

 tensiana Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, p. 163 (1833), type loc. Sitka, Dr. B. H. Mertens. Abies 

 williamsonii Newberry, Pac. R. Rep. vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 53, t. 7, f. 19 (1857). Tsuga pattoniana 

 Seneclauze, Conif. p. 21 (1867) ; Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 121 (1880) ; Sargent, Gard. 

 & For. vol. 10, p. 1, figs. 1, 2 (1897). 



3. PICEA Link. SPRUCE. 



Trees with tall tapering trunks and thin scaly bark. Leaves narrowly linear, 

 spreading on all sides, jointed near the stem on a woody base which persists 

 after leaf-fall as a prominent spreading "peg;" resin canals in ours 2. Stami- 

 nate catkins from terminal or axillary winter buds, erect or nodding; anthers 

 with nearly circular toothed crests, opening longitudinally. Ovule-bearing 

 catkins erect. Cones maturing in the first autumn, pendent, usually scattered 

 over the upper half of the tree ; scales very thin, the bracts shorter than the 

 scales. Seeds without resin vesicles ; cotyledons 4 to 15. About 12 species, 7 

 in North America, the remainder in Europe and Asia. (Picea, ancient Latin 

 name, from pix, pitch.) 



Leaves prickly pointed; cone-scales serrulate; coastal 1. P. sitchensis. 



Leaves merely acute; cone-scales entire; subalpine 2. P. breweriana. 



1. P. sitchensis Carr. TIDELAND SPRUCE. Forest tree 80 to 190 feet high, 

 with trunk 3 to 20 feet in diameter, wide spreading rigid branches, and droop- 

 ing branchlets; trunk bark reddish brown, developing roughish deciduous 

 scales, but these not so sharply defined as in spruces generally; branchlets 

 with the leaves spreading equally in every direction but not straight down on 

 the under side of horizontal ones ; leaves linear, y 2 to 1 inch long, % to 1 line 



