GYMNOSPERMS 



Resinous trees or shrubs, ours evergreen with linear-, ^awl-like or scale-like 

 leaves. Trunk usually persisting through the crown as a single axis, increasing 

 in diameter by an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Sexual reproductive 

 organs consisting of stamens and ovules. Stamens generally spirally arranged 

 in a catkin-like cluster which falls after maturity. Ovules commonly borne 

 naked on the surface of a scale with the scales arranged spirally in a short 

 catkin which commonly matures into a woody cone. Cotyledons several to 

 many, sometimes only 2. 



Bibliog. Endlicher, Stephano, Synopsis Coniferarum (1847). Carriere, E. A., Traite Con- 

 iferes (1855). Engelmann, Geo., Papers on Coniferse (Collected Works, p. 326, 1887); 

 Masters, M. T., The genera of Taxaceae and Coniferee (Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 30, p. 1, 1893). 

 Wordsell, W. C., Structure of the Female Flower in Coniferae (Ann. Bot. vol. 14, p. 39, 1900). 

 Veitch, James, et al., Manual of the Coniferse (1900). Coulter & Chamberlain, Morphology 

 of Gymnosperms (1901). 



PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY. 



Trees or shrubs, typically with one main mast-like axis which bears laterally 

 successive whorls of much-branched limbs. Leaves narrowly linear and alter- 

 nate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) 

 leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins on same tree. Staminate cat- 

 kins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing 2 pollen-sacs and 

 ending in a roundish crest or mere knob ; pollen-grains usually with 2 bladder- 

 like appendages to assist distribution by the wind. Ovulate catkins with 

 spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 

 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which com- 

 monly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody 

 cone, the scales much enlarged, the bracts remaining small or sometimes 

 elongated and surpassing the scale. Northern hemisphere, eight genera. Cali- 

 fornia has endemic representatives of all the genera except Cedrus (Lebanon 

 Cedar and varieties), Larix (Larch) and Pseudolarix (of China). 



Bibliog. Don, David, Five New Species of the Genus Pinus discovered by Dr. Coulter 

 in California (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 17, p. 439, 1837). Lemmon, J. G., Pines of the 

 Pacific Slope (2d Rep. Cal. Board For. p. 67, 1888) ; Cone-bearers of California (3rd Eep. 

 1. c. p. 79, 1890). Sargent, C. S., Silva N. Am. vol. 11 (1897), vol. 12 (1898). Masters, 

 M. T., A General View of the Genus Pinus (Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 35, p. 560, 1904). 



Cones pendent or spreading, falling from the tree whole, the scales persistent. 



Leaves of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing 



the second year, their bracts minute 1. PINUS. 



Leaves of 1 kind, linear; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. 



Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. 

 Leaves petioled, jointed on the woody base which is somewhat decurrent on 



the branchlet; trunk bark fissured or smoothish, not scaly 2. TSUGA. 



Leaves sessile, jointed on the woody peg-like base which spreads at right angles 



to the branchlet; trunk bark marked by scars of deciduous scales. .3. PICEA. 



Bracts longer than the scales, notched at apex with a spear-like point in the notch; 



leaf -scars smooth ; old bark very rough 4. PSEUDOTSUGA. 



Cones erect on branch, maturing the first year, their scales falling separately; leaf -scars smooth. 

 5. ABIES. 



1. PINUS L. PINE. 



Trees with two sorts of leaves, the primary leaves thin and scaly or chaff -like, 

 bearing in their axils needle-shaped leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5, which emerge 



