GRASS FAMILY * 83 



world, in all latitudes and altitudes where are found conditions suitable for 

 plant growth, but least abundant in dense tropical forests. 



Bibliog. Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PI. 3: 1074. 1883. Haekel in Bugler & Prantl, Pflan 

 zenfam. 2 2 : 1. 1887 (with several supplements). The True Grasses, Scribner & Southworth, 

 1890 (a translation of the preceding). Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2 vols. 1896 (systematic portion 

 in second volume). For cultivated grasses see article on Gramineae in Bailey's Cycl. Agrie., 

 and articles on individual genera in Bailey's Cycl. Hort.; also Farm Grasses of U. S. by Spill- 

 man, and various bulletins of the U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost., especially Bull. 14, Economic 

 Grasses. The following more recent articles or monographs include references to California: 

 Vasey, Illustr. N. Am. Grasses, Vol. 1, Grasses of the Southwest (U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. 

 Bull. 12. in 2 pts. 1891) ; Vol. 2, Grasses of the Pacific Slope (op. cit. Bull. 13, in 2 pts. 

 1893). U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4. 1897, including revision of Hordeum and 

 Agropyron, by Scribner & Smith; Bull. 7, American Grasses I, Bull. 17, American Grasses 

 II, Bull. 20, American Grasses III, the latter being an account of the genera of N. A. 

 grasses (all by Scribner); Bull. 11, 1898, including a revision of Calamagrostis by Kearney; 

 Bull. 18, 1899, a revision of Sitanion by J. G. Smith; Bull. 21, 1900, a revision of Chaetochloa 

 by Scribner & Merrill; Bull. 23, 1900, a revision of Bromus by Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 9, 1902, a revision of Spartina by Merrill; Bull. 33, 1903, a revision of 

 Leptochloa by Hitchcock; Bull. 68, 1905, a revision of Agrostis by Hitchcock. Contr. Nat. 

 Herb. Vol. 3, pp. 1-89. 1892, a Monograph of the Grasses of the United States by Vasey, 

 including the tribes Maydeae to Agrostideae ; Vol. 10, pp. 1-48. 1906, a revision of Festuca 

 by Piper; Vol. 11, 1906, a Flora of the State of Washington by Piper; Vol. 14, pp. 343-428, 

 1912, the Grama Grasses by Griffiths; Vol. 15, 1910, a revision of Panicum by Hitchcock & 

 Chase. Bolander, Genus Melica in California (Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 89-104. 1870), Genus Stipa 

 in California (op. cit. 168-170. 1872). Scribner, Revision N. A. Melieae (Proc. Acad. Phila. 

 1885: 40-48. 1885). 



SUBFAMILY I. PANICOIDEAE. 



Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, or with a second staminate or neutral flower below. Bachilla 

 articulated below the glumes, the more or less dorsally compressed spikelets falling from 

 the pedicels entire, singly, in groups, or together with joints of an articulate rachis. 

 Spikelets in pairs (or the terminal in 3's) one sessile or nearly so and fertile, the other 



pediceled; lemmas hyaline TRIBE I. ANDROPOGONEAE. 



Spikelets not in pairs (in certain genera spikelets paired but lemmas firmer than glumes). 

 Spikelets in groups at each joint of the main axis, falling off entire; outer glumes larger 



than the florets TRIBE II. ZOYSIEAE. 



Spikelets not in groups, falling singly; outer or first glume smaller than the floret. 



TRIBE III. PANICEAE. 

 SUBFAMILY II. POACOIDEAE. 



Spikelets 1 to many -flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary floret, if any, uppermost (or if 

 below the fertile one, the spikelet strongly laterally compressed) ; rachilla usually articulated 

 above the glumes, these persistent on the pedicel or rachis after the fall of the florets ; spike- 

 lets more or less laterally compressed. The spikelets are articulated below the glumes in 

 Alopecurus, Cinna, Polypogon, Notholcus, Sphenopholis, Spartina and Beckmannia, but 

 these genera are distinguished from Subfamily I by the laterally compressed spikelets. 

 Spikelets more or less pediceled, in open or contracted panicles, these sometimes spike-like 



but not 1-sided. 



Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, with sometimes a pair of sterile or staminate florets below. 

 Spikelets with 1 perfect terminal flower and a pair of sterile or staminate florets 



below, these sometimes reduced to minute bristles TRIBE IV. PHALARIDEAE. 



Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea as a naked or 



plumose bristle TRIBE V. AGROSTIDEAE. 



Spikelets 2 to several-flowered.' 



Awn usually present, often twisted, borne on the back of the lemma or between the 

 teeth of the bifid apex (awnless in Sphenopholis and Koeleria) ; glumes usually 

 longer than the first floret; rachilla prolonged behind the palea of the uppermost 



floret TRIBE VI. AVENEAE. 



Awn, when present, terminal, usually straight (the apex of the lemma bifid in Bromus, 

 and in certain species of Festuca and Melica) ; glumes usually shorter than the 

 first floret . . . . TRIBE VIII. FESTUCEAE. 



