LILY FAMILY 263 



4. STENANTHIUM Kunth. 



Stem from a tunicated bulb, the narrow leaves mostly basal. Flowers (in 

 ours) in a simple raceme, nodding. Perianth purplish green, its segments nar- 

 row, acuminate. Stamens 6, much shorter than and inserted on the base of the 

 perianth-segments ; anthers renif orm, 1-celled. Ovary ovoid ; styles 3. Capsule 

 septicidal, 3-beaked. Seeds winged. Species 5. North America and Asia. 

 (Greek steno, narrow, and anthos, flower.) 



1. S. occidentale Gray. Stem 6 to 11 inches high; leaves linear, tapering 

 to base and apex, 4 to 7 inches long, 2 to 7 lines wide ; perianth narrow-campanu- 

 late, 5 lines long, its tips recurved. 



High-montane in Trinity Co. North to Alberta. 



Loc. Union Creek, Salmon Mts., Hall 8626; only record for California. 



Befs. STENANTHIUM OCCIDENTALE Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:405 (1873), type loc. n. 

 Eoeky Mts., Bourgeau. Stenanthclla occidentalis Bydb. Bull. Torr. Club, 27:531 (1900). 



5. ZYGADENUS Michx. ZYGADENE 



Stem simple, scape-like, in ours from a tunicated bulb. Outer coats of the 

 bulb mostly dark or black. Herbage glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Leaves 

 linear, mostly basal. Flowers erect, greenish-white, in a raceme or panicle. 

 Perianth nearly rotate, withering-persistent ; segments ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 

 with a green glandular spot at the narrow or shortly clawed base. Stamens 6, 

 free from the segments and about equaling them. Styles 3, distinct, persistent. 

 Capsule deeply 3-lobed. Species 11, North America and Asia. (Greek zugon, 

 a yoke, and aden, a gland.) 



Eaceme narrow, simple; inner segments spathe-like, the margins abruptly infolded just above 



the claw 1. Z. venenosus. 



Eaceme broader, more or less compound. 



Perianth-segments with central area slightly depressed, the border more or less undulate; 



lower flowers often staminate; bracts membranous. 

 Leaves narrow (3 to 5 lines wide); stamens longer than or equaling the perianth; 



anthers yellow 2. Z. paniculatus. 



Leaves % to 1 inch wide; stamens shorter than the perianth; anthers white 



3. Z. exaltatus. 

 Perianth-segments plane; flowers generally all perfect. 



Segments ovate-lanceolate, the outer not clawed; bracts more or less green, conspicuous. 



4. Z. fremontii. 

 Segments broadly elliptic, all short-clawed; bracts membranous, very small 



5. Z. brevibracteatus. 



1. Z. venenosus Wats. DEATH CAMAS. Plants % to 2 feet high ; bulb oblong- 

 ovate, y s to 1/2 (or %) inch broad; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 3 lines broad, 

 carinate and usually folded, more or less scabrous ; raceme commonly simple and 

 narrow, 3 to 5 or 10 inches long, the bracts lanceolate, long-attenuate or even 

 flagellate, much exceeding the buds and about as long as the pedicels ; perianth 

 segments deltoid-ovate to oblong, li/o to 2 lines long, the outer broader and with 

 a shorter claw or sessile ; gland seated above the claw furnished with a more or 

 less evident circular ridge or thin crest, the crest on the lower side continuous 

 with the spathe-like infolding of the basal margins of the blade ; stamens about 

 equaling the segments, somewhat adnate below ; anthers white ; capsule 4 to 5 

 (or 7) lines long. 



Wet meadows : Coast Ranges, mostly near the coast ; Sierra Nevada, both 

 east and west slopes ; Southern California.' North to British Columbia. 



Econ. Note. This species (called "Lobelia" by the cattlemen of Modoc Co.) and Z. pani- 

 culatus are both poisonous to cattle, while the former is especially poisonous to sheep, which 

 mistake the young leaves for grass. Probably all the species of the genus are more or less 

 noxious. Hogs seem to be immune, whence the folk name "Hog's Potato" for Z. venenosus. 



Locs. Sonoma Co. (ace. Bot. Cal. 2:183); Jolon, Monterey Co., Brewer 573; Palomar, 

 Jepson 1543 ; Tehachapi, Heller 7823 ; Lloyd Mdws., Kern Eiver, Jepson 4900 ; Pine Eidge, 

 Fresno Co., Hall $ Chandler 243 ; Bishop, Hall $ Chandler 7281 ; Yosemite Park, Jepson 



