264 



3187 (Lake Merced), 4509 (Benson Lake), 3449 (Hetch Hetchy) ; Lake Eleanor, A. L. Grant 

 1254; Avery, Calaveras Co., A, L. Grant; Rubicon Park, Lake Tahoe, Setchell $ Dobie; Bear 

 Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson; Lake Independence, Jepson 8065; Willow Ranch, Warner Mts., 

 L. S. Smith 940; Shasta Valley, Butler 1414; Indian Valley, ne. Lake Co., Jepson 8982; 

 Knoxville ridge, ne. Napa Co., Jepson 9040. 



Var. nricranthus Jepson n. comb. Raceme more open and broader (pedicels % to 1 inch 

 long), the bracts relatively shorter; flowers usually larger, less delicate, ridge about the gland 

 thickened, outer segments often not clawed. North Coast Ranges and south to Contra Costa 

 Co. This sometimes approaches Z. fremontii in habit, but the gland is more sharply, denned 

 than in that species. 



Locs. Mt. Diablo, Chandler 978; Tiburon, Jepson; Red Mt., se. Mendocino Co., Jepson 

 3030; Round Valley, Westerman; Sherwood Valley, Davy 5187; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews; 

 Buck Mt., Tracy 2779; Hubbards Sta., Humboldt Co., Jepson 1907. 



Refs. ZYGADENUS VENENOSUS Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14:279 (1879), type loe. Monterey 

 Co.; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 122 (1901). Var. ambiffuus Jones, Contrib. 12:77 (1908). 

 Toxiooscordion venenosum Rybd. Bull. Torr. Club 30:272 (1903). T. arcnicola Heller, Muhl. 

 2:182 (1906), type loc. foothills west of Bishop, Heller 8321. Var. MICRANTHUS Jepson. 

 Zygadenus micranthus Eastw. Bull. Torr. Club 30:483 (1903). type loe. Cahto, Mendocino 

 Co., Eastwood, Toxicoscordion micranthum Heller, Muhl. 6:83 (1910). 



2. Z. paniculatus Wats. SAND-CORN. Plants 8 to 16 inches high ; leaves all 

 sheathing; main raceme with short dense supplementary racemes below; bracts 

 ovate-lanceolate ; perianth-segments deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate, greenish 

 thickened on the back at base, the claws very short or sometimes nearly none; 

 gland seated above the claw, indefinitely margined, sometimes spreading nearly 

 to the middle of the segment ; stamens much exserted or at least equaling the 

 segments; anthers yellow; capsule y 2 to 1 inch long. 



Sage-brush hills east of the Sierra Nevada crest from Nevada Co. to Siskiyou 

 Co. Nevada to Washington and Montana. 



Biol. Note. The scales of the hypogaeous winter bud are very large (% inch broad) and 

 conspicuous. The bulb is seated 6 to 8 inches deep and often gives rise to 2 or 3 shoots. 



Locs. Truckee, Sonne; Mt. Lassen, Jepson 4088; Little Shasta, F. W. Hooper; Buck 

 Creek, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 928; Fort Bidwell, Manning. 



Refs. ZYGADENUS PANICULATUS Wats. Bot. King 343 (1871), based on Oregon, Washing- 

 ton and Nevada plants; Piper, Fl. N.W. Coast 99 (1915). Helonias paniculata Nutt. Jour. 

 Acad. Phila. 7:57 (1834), type loc. Flat-Head River, Mont., Wyeth. Toxicoscordion panicu- 

 latum Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 30:272 (1903). 



3. Z. exaltatus Eastw. Plants 2% to 3y 2 feet high ; bulb oblong-ovoid, 2 to 

 3 inches long; basal leaves large (% to 114 inches wide), in a conspicuous sheath- 

 ing tuft ; main raceme 8 to 12 inches long, with 3 to 5 supplementary racemes 

 below, the lower bearing only staminate flowers ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; perianth- 

 segments oblong-elliptic, with claws; gland extending the length of the claw, 

 bordered on each side by a narrow non-glandular area and terminating upon the 

 base of the blade in a somewhat darker rounded area toothed above; stamens 

 shorter than the perianth ; anthers dull white ; capsule % inch long. 



Sierra Nevada, from Calaveras Co. to Tulare Co., about 2000 to 4000 feet. 



Locs. Avery Sta., Calaveras Co., A. L. Grant; Bonita Mdw., Tulare Co., Hall $ Babcock 

 5177. 



Refs. ZYGADENUS EXALTATUS Eastw. Bot. Gaz. 41:283 (1906), type loc. Mokelumne Hill, 

 F, E. Blaisdell. Toxicoscordion exaltatum Heller, Muhl. 6:83 (1910). 



4. Z. fremontii Wats. STAR ZYGADENE. Plants 114 to 2y feet high ; bulb 

 globose or broadly oblong, y 2 to 1^4 inches broad; basal leaves 8 to 16 (or 20) 

 inches long, 5 to 9 (or 13) lines broad, usually somewhat falcate-curving, the 

 cauline few and shorter ; main raceme with supplementary racemes below ; 

 perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 7 lines long, the outer broader, not 

 clawed or shortly so, the inner contracted to a broad claw ; gland greenish yellow, 

 toothed above ; stamens about half as long as the segments ; capsule oblong, 6 to 

 10 lines long. 



Deep soil on bushy hillsides: Coast Ranges, south to Southern California. 

 Common and variable. Apr .-June. 



