10 Native Trees of Canada 



The drawings herein were made by the author, for the most part from speci- 

 mens in the collection of the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Toronto. 

 To this Faculty thanks are due for the kind permission to use their collection. 

 Thanks are also due to the British Columbia Forest Branch for the information 

 regarding the range of trees native to that province. 



So far as space on a page of this size would permit the engravings illustrating 

 the different species of the same genera have been arranged so that they may be 

 conveniently compared. 



Nomenclature 



In selecting the common or vernacular names for the trees described in this 

 book the chief consideration has been to avoid confusion. Existing names that 

 have enjoyed accepted common use for many years have been retained wherever 

 possible, if their use is consistent. Where two or more names are equally common 

 one has been selected that best describes the characteristics of the tree and has, 

 therefore, the highest name value. 



In this connection the name "red pine" has been chosen in place of "Norway 

 pine" for Pinus resinosa, because of the darker colour of the wood as compared to 

 white pine and the distinct reddish colour of the bark; whereas the name "Nor- 

 way pine" has little or no real significance. 



When one name is used to describe two or more different trees confusion is 

 sure to arise. In all such cases the aim has been to avoid this confusion, even at 

 the expense of the name value of the name adopted. 



Two different trees, Ostrya virginiana and Carpinus caroliniana are called 

 "ironwood," "hornbeam," and "hop hornbeam" indiscriminately. The name 

 "blue beech" is also applied to Carpinus as the tree has smooth bark and is not un- 

 like a young beech tree in general appearance. The name has never been applied 

 to Ostrya, and it has therefore been used in this book, as it is at least distinctive. 

 The names "hornbeam" and "hop hornbeam" have been discarded. 



In deciding among several possibilities common names were favoured when 

 these were translations of the botanical names, as in the case of limber pine {Pinus 

 flexilis). There are certain species native to British Columbia and the Pacific 

 coast that are not found east of that province, although other species of the same 

 genera are found in Eastern Canada. Among such cases are western hemlock 

 (Tsuga heierophylla) and western white pine {Pinus monticola). In British 

 Columbia these trees would be known as "hemlock" and "white pine" but the pre- 

 fix "western" has been added in each case to distinguish these trees from their 

 eastern relatives, hemlock {Tsuga canadensis) and white pine {Pinus Strobus). 



The first name given in the description of any species is the accepted botanical 

 name following the Vienna Rules of Nomenclature (so called because they were 

 adopted at an international convention of botanists held in Vienna in 1905). 

 After the name of the tree is given the abbreviation of the name of the botanist who 

 is credited with having first properly described the species. At the right hand side 



