PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 29 



2. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Sylva 3: 138. 1849. Not so tall, 20- 

 30 m. high, with very pale and thin, smooth, or only in very old* trees cracked, 

 and ashy-gray bark: leaves dark green above, sharp-pointed, with the two 

 resin-ducts about equidistant from upper and lower surface: cones oblong- 

 cylindrical, 6-7 cm. long and 3-4 cm. in diameter, purplish-brown; scales 

 nearly orbicular or sometimes quadrangular, 12-20 mm. long and broad: seeds 

 about 6 mm. long, with dark lustrous wings covering nearly the entire surface 

 of the scales. A. subalpina. ALPINE FIR. Bark usually containing many 

 balsam reservoirs or pustules which has given rise to one of its common names, 

 BALSAM. Colorado and Wyoming and far westward and northward. 



4. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. FALSE HEMLOCK SPRUCE 



A large, stately tree, occurring in the mountains at middle elevations, on 

 moist slopes and plateaus. Leaves with short petioles, twisting on the base so 

 as to appear comb-like on the branches, which are smooth when the leaves 

 have fallen and marked only by oval scars; stomata on the lower surface only, 

 close to the epidermis of which are the two lateral resin-ducts. Fruit an ovate- 

 oblong pendulous cone maturing in one season; the bracts longer than the 

 scales. Seeds winged. 



1. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 266. 

 1895. A large tree, 35-80 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter, with very thick brown 

 deeply fissured bark: leaves flat, linear, 15-25 in. or more long: cones 5-10 cm. 

 long, subcylindrical; bracts more or less exsert and spreading or reflexed, giv- 

 ing a fringed appearance to the cones: seeds triangular, on the upper side 

 convex and reddish-brown, on the lower fiat and white, (i mm. long. P. 

 Douglasii. DOUGLAS SPRUCE. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and west- 

 ward to the coast ranges; reaching its greatest proportions in Oregon. 



5. JUNIPERUS L. JUXIPKR 



Trees or shrubs with subulate or scale-like leaves, often of two forms. 

 Cones dioecious or rarely monoecious, in short lateral ainents; the staminate 

 oblong or ovoid, with 2-6-celled anthers; the pistillate of a few opposite some- 

 what fleshy scales. Ovules solitary on each scale. Fruits globose, berry-like 

 by the coalescence of the fleshy scales. Seeds 1-6, large, bony, wingless. 



Trees or tree-like, 2-several m. high; leaves scale-like. 

 Seeds solitary; berry 8-10 mm. in diameter. 



Leaves opposite (rarely in threes); seed acute at apex, rounded at base. 



Flesh of berry thin and resinous . . . . . 1. J. monosperma. 



Flesh of berry dry and sweet . . . . . . . 2. J. utahensis. 



Leaves 3-ranked; berry dry but resinous; seed large with obtuse 



apex and tumid base . . . . . . . . 3. J. Knightii. 



Seeds 2-4, berries smaller 4. J. scopulorum. 



Shrubs, usually in caespito.se clumps. 



Leaves subulate, about 1 cm. long ....... 5. J. communis. 



Leave.-- scale-like at least in part . . . . . . . 6. J. Sabina. 



1. Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. Silva. N. Am. 10: 89. 1889. A 

 tree, occasionally 12-15 m. high, freely branched, forming an open irregular 

 head: bark thin,* gray, broken into shreddy scales: leaves in pairs, or rarely in 

 threes, acute, rounded or thickened on the back, usually less than 3 mm. long; 

 on young plants or vigorous shoots longer, sharp-pointed and glandular on the 

 back: staminate ament with 8-10 stamens; the pistillate with spreading 

 pointed scales: fruit globose or oblong, dark blue or copper-color with bloom, 



thin resinous flesh, and a solitary (rarely 2) 4-angled obtusish seed. Southern 

 Colorado to Texas and west to Nevada and Arizona. 



2. Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemm. 3rd Bien. Rep. Cal. St. Bd. For. 

 183. 1890. A bushy tree 5 m. or more high ; the many erect contorted branches 

 forming a broad open head: leaves opposite, rarely in threes, acute or acumi- 

 nate, rarely glandular on the back, persistent for many years: berries subglo- 



