PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 65 



1. L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. (AMERICAN or BLACK L., TAMARACK, 



HACKMATACK.) Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.2-2 cm. long, of few 

 rounded scales. (Z-. americana Michx.) Chiefly in cold swamps, Lab. and Nfd. 

 to n. Pa., n. 111., centr. Minn., and far northw. A slender tree (8-30 m. high), 

 with hard and very resinous wood. 



2. L. DECIDUA Mill. (L. europaea DC.), with longer leaves and larger cones, 

 is often cultivated, and occasionally established, as in Ct. (Bissell). (Introd. 

 from Eu.) 



3. PfCEA Link. SPRUCE 



Sterile flowers on branchlets of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a 

 rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Cones maturing 

 the first year, becoming pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly- 

 tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below 

 (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical 

 Latin name of a pine. ) 



1. P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (WHITE or CAT S.) Branchlets glabrous; 

 leaves slender, pale or glaucous ; cones cylindrical, about 5 cm. long, deciduous, 

 the thin scales with an entire edge. (P. alba Link.) N. S. and N. B. to N. Y., 

 L. Superior and northw. A handsome tree (15-45 m. high), in aspect resem- 

 bling the Balsam Fir. 



2. P. rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. (RED S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves 

 mostly slender, 12-15 mm. long, usually acute or acutish, dark green or yellowish 

 green ; cones elongated-ovoid, mostly 3-4 cm. long, clear brown or reddish brown, 

 the scales rounded, entire or slightly erose. (P. rubens Sarg. ; P. australis 

 Small.) Rocky upland woods, Nfd. to Pa.,s. in the Alleghenies to Ga., w. to 

 Minn., and northw. A valued timber tree, 20-35 m. high. 



3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (BLACK or BOG S.) Branchlets pubescent; 

 leaves short and thickish, mostly 6-10 (rarely 13) mm. long, pale bluish green, 

 with strong whitish bloom ; cones short-ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long, dull 

 grayish brown, persisting for several years ; the scales more decidedly erose, 

 rounded or often somewhat narrowed toward the apex. (P. nigra Link ; P. 

 brevifolia Peck.) Cold bogs and mountain slopes, Nfd. to N. J., along the Great 

 Lakes and northw. Chiefly a low tree (8-12 m.) rarely attaining 30 m. in 

 height. 



4. P. ABIES (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link), the NORWAY S., often cultivated 

 as a shade tree, and now established (ace. to Bissell) at several places in Ct., 

 has subglabrous branchlets, slender sharp-pointed dark green glossy leaves, and 

 large cones (1-1.5 dm. long). (Introd. from Eu.) 



4. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill. FIB 



Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a 

 knob, their cells bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Cones erect on the 

 upper side of spreading branches, maturing the first year ; their thin scales 

 and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. 

 Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened 

 lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin 

 name.) 



1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD F.) Leaves 

 narrowly linear, obtusely pointed or retuse (1-3.2 cm. long) ; cones cylindrical 

 (6-10 cm. long ; 2-3 cm. thick) , at first violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, 

 tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. Damp woods and 

 mt. swamps, Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Va., w. to centr. la., and northw. 

 A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub. 



2. A. Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Leaves narrowly linear, commonly retuse ; bracts 

 of the cones dentate or erose-lacerate on the margin, often emargiuate and 

 bearing a slender cusp at the apex, longer than the scales. -Mts. of Va., 

 and N. C. 



OKAY'S MANUAL 6 



