APPLES AND THEIR ENEMIES. 



How to Spray and What to Spray. 



BY VV. N. CARD, LL.D., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. 



'HE demand for Canadian apples of 

 good quality and in g-ood condition 

 is an ever-increasing- one, and in 

 Great Britain the market appears 

 to be unlimited, while the prospects for 

 opening and continuing an extensive trade 

 with other European countries are equally 

 promising. Canadian fruit growers, packers 

 and shippers are exhorted to see that the 

 fruit that is exported is well and honestly 

 packed, and that it is of such a quality that 

 the demand shall not only equal our most 

 sanguine expectations, but more than fulfil 

 the desire of the most hopeful growers. In 

 advocating the strictest regard to the re- 

 quirements of the foreign market the De- 

 partment is not sacrificing legitimate home 

 markets ; because if the produce be equal to 

 the necessities of the European consumers it 

 must of necessity be all that the home .con- 

 sumer can desire. In this way the advocacy 

 of perfection catches two birds in one trap. 



The apple grower is anxious to get the 

 most out of his orchards, but sometimes 

 circumstances combine to thwart his well-in- 

 tentioned efforts, and to help him out of his 

 difficulties this article is issued. The De- 

 partment thus takes a hand in fighting some 

 of his deadliest foes, in case he is willing 

 to wield the cudgels provided for his succor. 

 There are tour kinds of insect enemies 

 against whom the apple-grower has to fight. 

 There are those which devour the foliage, 

 those which bore in the wood, those which 

 occur in the bark, and those which attack 

 the fruit. But all insects fall within two 

 classes, which can be separated by the 



nature of the mouth parts. In the intelli- 

 gent use of remedies a consideration of this 

 point is of the utmost importance. In the 

 class of biting insects, which have jaws with 

 which they consume the substance of their 

 food, such as caterpillars, all that is 

 necessary is to place on the food plant some 

 poisonous material which will be eaten with 

 the food. For sucking insects, which instead 

 of jaws have a beak or hollow tube with 

 which they suck up their food in the liquid 

 form, such as the plant louse, something 

 must be used which will kill by mere contact 

 with their bodies. For borers in the wood, 

 which cannot be reached by those remedies, 

 preventive measures may be taken by which 

 the plants are rendered distasteful to the 

 mature insects when seeking a suitable 

 place in which to lay their eggs. For this 

 purpose various alkaline or strong smelling 

 deterrent washes may be used. 



It cannot be too forcibly emphasized 

 that the operation of "spraying" does not 

 mean sprinkling or showering. " Spray- 

 ing" means applying liquids by means of a 

 force pump and spraying nozzle with such 

 force as to break up the liquid so thoroughly 

 that it falls upon the plants treated as an 

 actual mist or spray. Unless you carefully 

 spray and not sprinkle you cannot get an 

 even distribution of liquids, therefore you 

 cannot get the best results. 



The remedies are numbered for easy- 

 reference and to avoid confusion. 



1. Kerosene Emulsion. — Dissolve half a 

 pound of whale oil soap in one gallon of rain 

 water by boiling ; take from fire, and while 



