NEW RED SANDSTONE 



NODULES OF CLAY IRON STONE 



:ROUS GKOUP. 



ome coniferae (cono-bearing), and other forms, as the lepidodendron (scaly tree), allied to 

 ut distinct from the living Lycopodium (club mosses). 



The general features of the Coal Strata will be readily perceived by an inspection of the 

 Magram. The fissures or fractures, often nearly vertical, and which stretch through the 

 ntire mass, have probably been produced by the upheaving force which also converted the 

 orizontal strata into the basin shape form. These rents are called Dykes, because they 

 ivide the continuity of the seams or bands of coal; there are also Shifts, and still more 

 requently, Faults or Troubles, (see F & H) by which the seam is either raised or depressed. 

 L Dyke which does not disturb the continuity of the workable seams is called a hitch or 

 lip. Whin Dykes (w) contain basalt or other rocks of igneous origin. Thin strata of 

 rit or shale in the heart of a coal seam are called bands, (B). The Dykes or Faults are of 

 lie greatest importance, as the limited area contained between each two faults, provided 

 liey be impervious to water, is thus drained with greater facility. 



There are several varieties of Coal, all of which appear to have been formed by the action 

 f certain chemical forces on wood or other vegetable matter. These varieties may for the 

 lost part be arranged into two groups. 



1st. Anthracite, also called glance coal or stone coal, containing no bitumen, is compact 

 nd hard, with a high lustre. 



2nd. Bituminous Coal, contains bitumen, comprising caking or pitching coal, cherry 

 oal, splint, eannel, or candle coal, &c. 



The following is the estimated yield per annum of the European Coal Fields. 



Tons. 



heat Britain and Ireland 64,000,000 



'russia and Germany 8,000,000 



telgium 5,500,000 



'ranee 4,400,000 



lustria 2,500,000 



talian States 90,000 



The United States at the present time yield about 5,500 000 Tons. 



Spain and Portugal 



Russia 



Other Countries.... 



Tons. 

 60,000 

 40,000 

 50,000 



Total for Europe 84,640,000 



REYNOLDS, 174. STRAND. 



