CONTENTS xiii 



PAGE 



G. GENERAL SURVEY 205 



a. Sexual or asexual 



b. Comparison with fungi 



c. Influence of symbiosis 



d. Value in diagnosis 



CHAPTER V 

 PHYSIOLOGY 



I. CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 



A. CELL-MEMBRANES 209 



a. Chitin 



b. Lichenin and allied carbohydrates 



c. Cellulose 



B. CONTENTS AND PRODUCTS OF THE FUNGAL CELLS . 213 



a. Cell-substances 



b. Calcium oxalate 



c. Importance of calcium oxalate 



C. OIL-CELLS 215 



a. Oil-cells of endolithic lichens 



b. Oil-cells of epilithic lichens 



c. Significance of oil-formation 



D. LICHEN-ACIDS 221 



a. Historical 



b. Occurrence and examination of acids 



c. Character of acids 



d. Causes of variation in quantity and quality 

 <?. Distribution of acids 



E. CHEMICAL GROUPING OF ACIDS 225 



I. ACIDS OF THE FAT SERIES 



II. ACIDS OF THE BENZOLE SERIES 



SUBSERIES I. ORCINE DERIVATIVES 

 SUBSERIES II. ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVES 



F. CHEMICAL REAGENTS AS TESTS FOR LICHENS . 228 



G. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NATURE .... 229 



II. GENERAL NUTRITION 



A. ABSORPTION OF WATER . . . . . . 229 



a. Gelatinous lichens 



b. Crustaceous lichens 



c. Foliose lichens 



d. Fruticose lichens 



B. STORAGE OF WATER . . .. ,.,.- . . . ,.;.. 232 



b 



