DISTRIBUTION 349 



its habitat as "the neighbourhood of a great water," and reports it from 

 near Lake Superior. In our country it grows at a good distance from the 

 sea, in Yorkshire dales, etc., but all our counties would rank as maritime 

 in the American sense. Lecanora tartarea which is rare in Minnesota is also 

 absent from the Lake Baikal region. It occurs frequently both in Arctic 

 and in Antarctic regions, and is probably also somewhat maritime in habitat. 

 Many of the Parmeliae, Nephromiae and Beltigerae, common to all northern 

 temperate climes, are Siberian as are also Cladoniae and many crustaceous 

 species. There is only one Sticta, St. Wrightii, a Japanese lichen, recorded 

 by Wainio from this Siberian locality. 



A marked difference as regards species is noted between the Flora of 

 Minnesota and that of California. Herre 1 has directed attention to the 

 great similarity between the lichens of the latter state and those of 

 Europe : many European species occur along the coast and nowhere else 

 in America so far as is yet known; as examples he cites, among others, 

 Calicium hyperellum, Lecidea quernea, L. aromatica, Gyrophora polyrhiza, 

 Pertusaria amara, Roccella fudformis, R. fucoides and R. tinctoria. The 

 Scandinavian lichen, Letharia vulpina, grows abundantly there and fruits 

 freely; it is very rare in other parts of America. Herre found, however, 

 no specimens of Cladonia rangiferina, Cl. alpestris or Cl. sylvatica, nor 

 any species of Graphis ; he is unable to explain these anomalies in distri- 

 bution, but he considers that the cool equable climate is largely responsible: 

 it is so much more like that of the milder countries of Europe than of the 

 states east of the Sierra Nevada. His contention is supported by a con- 

 sideration of Japanese lichens. With a somewhat similar climate there is 

 a great preponderance of European forms. Out of 382 species determined 

 by Nylander 2 , 209 were European. There were 17 Graphideae, 31 Parmeliae, 

 and 23 Cladoniae, all of the last named being European. These results of 

 Nylander's accord well with a short list of 30 species from Japan compiled 

 by Muller 3 at an earlier date. They were chiefly crustaceous tree-lichens; 

 but the Cladoniae recorded are the familiar British species CL fimbriata, 

 Cl. pyxidata and Cl. verticillata. 



With the Japanese Flora may be compared a list 4 of Maingay's lichens 

 from China, 35 in all. Collema limosum, the only representative of Colle- 

 maceae in the list, is European, as are the two species of Ramalina, R.graci- 

 lenta and R. pollinaria ; four species of Physcia are European, the remaining 

 Ph. picta being a common tropical or subtropical plant. Lecanora saxicola, 

 L. cinerea, Placodium callopismum and PI. citrinum are cosmopolitan, other 

 Lecanorae and most of the Lecideae are new. Graphis scripta, Opegrapha 

 subsiderella and Arthonia cinnabarina the few Graphideae collected are 



1 Herre 1910. 2 Nylander 1890. 3 Mliller 1879. 



4 Nylander and Crombie 1 884. 



