so BOTANY 



and animals have this wonderful power as well developed as the 

 most complex forms of life. 



(5) Protoplasm, he it in the body of a plant or an animal, uses 

 oxygen. It breathes. Thus the food substances taken into the 

 body are oxidized, and either release energy for growth, move- 

 ment, etc., or form new protoplasm. 



(6) Protoplasm has the power to rid itself of waste materials, 

 especially those which might be harmful to it. A tree sheds its 

 leaves partly to get rid of the accumulation of mineral matter in 

 the leaves. Plants and animals alike pass off the carbon dioxide 

 which results from the very processes of living, the oxidation of 

 foods or parts of their own bodies. Animals eliminate wastes 

 containing nitrogen through the skin and the kidneys. 



(7) Protoplasm can reproduce, that is, form other matter like itself. 

 New plants are constantly appearing to take the places of those 

 that die. The supply of living things upon the earth is not de- 

 creasing; reproduction is constantly taking place. In a general 

 way it is possible to say that plants and animals reproduce in a 

 very similar manner. We shall study this more in detail later. 



To sum up, then, we find that living protoplasm has the prop- 

 erties of sensibility, motion, growth, and reproduction alike in its 

 simplest state as a one-celled plant or animal and when it enters 

 into the composition of a highly complex organism such as a tree, 

 a dog, or a man. 



Books for Referencb 



for the pupil. 



Leavitt. OvUines of Botany. American Book Company. 



Atkinson. First Stvdies of Plant Life. Chap. XI. Ginn and Company. 



FOR THE TEACHER 



Goodale. Physiological Botany. American Book Company. 



Green. Vegetable Physiology. J. and A. Churchill. 



Huxley and Martin. Course of Elementary Instruction in Practical Biology. The 



Macmillan Company. 

 Sedgwick and Wilson. General Biology. Henry Holt and Company. 

 Wilson. The Cell in Development and Inheritance. The Macmillan Company. 



