LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi 



r ic. PAGE 



24. A magnification of the part of the ankle-joint cartilage indicated 



by the line A shown in fig. 23 . 83 



25. A diagram to illustrate what Harvey was taught concerning the 

 veins and arteries . . 



92 



26. A diagram to illustrate what Harvey was taught concerning the 



use of the heart ......... 95 



27. (A) A swelling on a vein indicating the presence of a valve 



within it ; (B) The vein laid open, showing the valves partly 

 open ; (C) Showing the valves shut 98 



28. A diagram to show 'the four chambers of the heart and the 



valves which guard their openings ...... ioi 



29. The various parts of a force-pump (A) compared with the parts 



of the left ventricular pump (B) no 



30. A terminal artery, surrounded by muscle fibres, ending in a 



network of capillary vessels . . . . . . .116 



31. To show the manner in which the 7th rib and the muscles 



attached to it help in expanding the thorax . . . .126 



32. A vertical section of the human thorax exposed by removing 



the front wall 130 



^^. The air passages in the nose, throat, and mouth exposed . . 135 



34. A cluster of air or respiratory chambers, with a bronchiole 



leading to it 140 



35. A cluster of air chambers with blood-vessels applied to them . 140 



36. An inverted glass-funnel, in which a lighted candle has been 



placed, set upon a movable diaphragm 151 



37. Diagram showing a bolus of food within the pharynx, in the 



act of being forced into the oesophagus . 176 



38. A segment cut out from the oesophagus and laid open to show 



a bolus in transit. (A) A small fragment of the outer mus- 

 cular coat magnified to show the individual spindle-shaped 

 fibres of which it is composed in a relaxed state ; (B) Fibres 

 or spindles greatly enlarged to show a contracted state . . 177 



39. An X-ray shadow of the full stomach, with contraction waves 



passing towards the pylorus 182 



40. The stomach laid open to show the cardiac and pyloric gate- 



ways . . . . . 185 



