EVERGREENS. 263 



the tree is high. A stake is then driven into the 

 ground on the south side of the tree, quite closely, 

 and leaning heavily to the north, to which the 

 shield is nailed. This is a very important precau- 

 tion, and is of little trouble. These shields can be 

 prepared at any time before the trees arrive, and if 

 5 mall trees are to be used one wide board will 

 answer. 



Some have been successful by using a barrel 

 with the heads knocked but and a few staves also 

 displaced on the north side. If staked up a few 

 inches from the ground it will answer, but there is 

 danger of placing it in such a shape that the hot 

 sun will get full force into the barrel in a still day, 

 and the protection be worse than nothing. The 

 flat square board shield is the better. These will 

 not be required there but one year, when they can 

 be safely removed. 



The artificial shading for the small row of trees 

 may be made by setting small stakes at intervals 

 in the row, nailing crosspieces to their tops, and 

 then nailing a wide board to these, or branches of 

 trees, or a lattice of corn stalks or lath. 



Pruning or Cutting Back is done for the purpose 

 of lessening the evaporating surface of the foliage 

 to correspond with the loss of roots. It also will 

 generally add to the appearance of the tree to shorten 

 it in all around. It will do no harm to cut out 

 the buds, even if the center shoot on such trees as 

 the spruce and balsams are removed by accident or 

 otherwise, new buds, called adventitious, will be 



