THE WHEAT GRAIN AND PLANT 11 



8. Non-shattering wheats: Pacific coast states, Chile, Tur- 

 kestan, Germany (spelts), and East Russia (emmers). 



9. Wheats of great constancy in fertility: Germany 

 (spelts) and southern Europe. 



10. Wheats of early maturity : Japan, Australia and India. 



11. Wheats most resistant to drought and heat: East and 

 South Russia, Kirghiz Steppes, Turkestan and southern Medi- 

 terraneai* region. 



12. Wheats most resistant to drought and cold: East 

 Russia. 



Species. There are eight principal types of cultivated 

 wheat: Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) ; Polish wheat (Tr. 

 polonicum) ; Emmer (Tr. sativum dicoccum) ; Spelt (Tr. sat. 

 spelta) ; Club or Square-head wheat (Tr. sat. compactum) ; Pou- 

 lard wheat (Tr. sat. turgidum) ; Durum wheat (Tr. sat. durum) ; 

 and Common wheat (Tr. sat. vulgare). 



Varieties. In 1900, after five years of experimentation with 

 about 1,000 varieties of wheat collected from the different 

 wheat countries of the world, the United States department of 

 agriculture decided that, tested by American conditions, there 

 were 245 leading varieties. No one variety is best under all 

 conditions, but climate, soil, and the purpose for which wheat 

 is raised must in each case determine which variety is most 

 profitable. If a variety can be secured that will yield more 

 under the same conditions than other varieties do, then profits 

 can be easily increased, for its production involves no additional 

 expense, except possibly an extra outlay for seed. Prof. W. M. 

 Hays estimates that Minnesota No. 169, a variety of wheat in- 

 troduced by the Minnesota experiment station, has increased 

 the yield of that state from 5 to 10 per cent. 



The most widely and universally grown varieties of wheat in 

 the United States are Fultz for soft winter, Turkey Red for 

 hard winter, Fife and Blue Stem for hard spring, and Kubanka 

 for durum wheat. 



DESCRIPTION AND GROWTH. 



Roots. The first root appearing is called the radicle. This 

 and the two other roots that soon appear form the whorl of 

 three seminal or temporary roots. The crown of roots usually 



