230 THE BOOK OF WHEAT 



matter basis, a plan recently adopted in Roumania. Expert 

 euce in other countries has shown that if such efforts were su" 

 cessful the most important result would be the transportation 



that much more rubbish from Russia to England. 



T -q- ' v. n lmmense stimulus was given to wheat cultivation 

 first f^ y dev <; Io P men t of transportation facilities. The 

 first of these was the completion of the Suez canal in 1869 

 This, however, reached its greatest importance only after some 

 railroads were built into the wheat districts. In th 



hha ' - by 



high railroad rates but by the entire lack of railroads in many 

 of the best wheat districts. The situation had not greatly im 



ln 98> when there were few b m 



th , - o r 



oads, the country roads were poor and freights were high The 

 traveler sill saw the long lines of camels that were 



;:r:iprrr. SKJUKSS ss 

 ^^-srraJSHS 



Uie cartmen seems almost incredible. In 1889 McDougaif 

 wrote: "There are 10 or 11 villages in which the lower classe 

 make it a trade to supply different colored earths to suit the 

 color and size of the different kinds of grain. The earth i 

 worked into small grains to look like grained the traders S a? 

 it is nnpossible to winnow out this description of dirt 

 Water, again, ls put in to increase the weight. All these prac- 

 tices are resorted to by the conveying traders in self-pro ectTon 



A po n o S r Juality'S whelfwa' 1' ** """" " Various wa y s " 

 then the whole was given a unif^'co'lorl.'^ mlxfn^with'cl^ 

 Firms engaged openly in selling this clay. As a rtsllt of ali 

 these manipulations, the wheat did not arrive at the foreign 



1 Jour, of Soc Art. 37:644. 



