GYMNOSPERM^E. 399 



in the foregoing. The bract is smaller, however, and the 

 scale attached to it soon becomes very large, thick, and 

 woody (Figs. 289, 290, and 291). The bract and scale in 

 this case have nearly the same relative proportions when 

 young as they have in the mature 

 cone of Abies pectinata. (Com- 

 pare Fig. 288 with Figs. 292-3.) 

 In other cases, as in Callitris 

 quadrivalvis, the axis is short, 

 and the phyllomes (d, Fig. 294) 

 which bear the ovules are only 

 four in number (Fig. 294, Ks, 



+Vio nviiloa^ Tn TnviiQ "hnrftitn ^S- 294- Female flower of Calli- 

 tlie OVUleS j. In laXUS baCUlta trisqwadrivalvis. d,d, decussating 



the flower is still more simple. ^ P nifled / -After bach's' 8ix ovule8 ' 



It appears in the axil of a foliage 



leaf, and is a scaly axis, resembling a small cone (C, Fig. 



284). The lower scales do not, however, bear ovules, and 



at the top of the axis is a single naked ovule (D and E, Fig. 



284). This simplicity is carried a step further in Ginkgo, 



where the female flowers are merely naked axes, which bear 



no bracts or scales, 

 and produce but two 

 ovules at their sum- 

 mits (Fig. 295, sk)* 

 The female flower 

 of Cycas revoluta is 

 a rosette of phyl- 

 lomes, which bear 

 some resemblance to 

 foliage leaves, being, 

 however, smaller, 



Fig. 295. A shoot of Ginkgo biloba. sk. ovules bl'OWnisll, and hairy, 



in pairs at the ends* of naked axes; above and on the Ai,- fVia 1 ^ -or Q v 



right are shown fragments of two leaves, which Attlg 



are seeu to be broad. Nat. size. -After Sachs. partg Q f t}ie j r mar _ 



gins they produce a number of spherical naked ovules (sk, 



* The morphology of the flowers of Ginkgo, as here given, is by no 

 means satisfactory. Instead of the ovules being borne upon naked 

 axes, it is probable that they are in reality upon foliar organs i.e., 

 either modified leaves, somewhat as in Cyca, or upon elongated homo- 



