GYMNOSPERM^K 409 



bium at the time of activity in the cambium of the fibro- 

 vascular bundles, there is an annual addition made to the 

 fundamental tissues of the stem corresponding to the addi- 

 tion made in the fibro-vascular bundles. 



510. By this internal increase of tissues in the stem the 

 epidermis is at length raptured, and the primary cortex be- 

 comes exposed, and eventually broken up and destroyed. 

 The phloem portions of the fibro- vascular bundles, and the 

 subsequent external additions to the fundamental tissues 

 made by the inter-fascicular cambium, constitute what is 

 called the Bark of the stem. There are usually in it corky 

 developments, which often very considerably change the 

 character and alter the relations of its parts. The paren- 

 chyma frequently becomes somewhat sclerenchymatous, while 

 in other cases it undergoes a peculiar degeneration. 



520. Most Gymnosperms have intercellular canals in 

 their stems, either in the fibro-vascular or the fundamental 

 portions ; these contain a turpentine in which is dissolved a 

 resin. * 



521. There are three quite Avell-marked orders of Gym- 

 nosperms, which may be separated as follows : 



1. Cycadese, the Cycads. Stem simple, or rarely branched, 

 not resinous ; pith large ; leaves large, pinnately compound, 

 crowded upon the stem. 



2. Conifer, the Conifers. Stem branched, usually resin- 



* The distribution of these canals has been made out by Van Tieghem 

 (Ann. des 8ci. Nat., 1872) to be as follows for the principal genera of 

 Conifera : 



1. No canals in root or stem Taxus. 



2. Canals in the stem only. 



(a) la the cortical parenchyma Taxodium, Podocarpus, Tor- 



reya, Tsuga, etc. 

 (6) In the pith also Ginkgo. 



3. Canals in both stem and root. 



In the cortical parenchyma of the stem Cedrus, Abies, etc. 



(a) In the xyleni of the fibro-vascular bundles of root and 



stem Pinus, Larix, Picea, Pseudolarix. 

 (6) In the phloem of the fibro-vascular bundles of root and 



stem Thuya, Cuprewm, TUnta, Araucaria, etc. 



