x.] BOTANY. 41 



(b) As to position. Whether in opposite pairs 

 (dead-nettle, maple, horse-chestnut); or alternate (lime, 

 ivy, grasses) ; or whorled (woodruffe, bed-straw) ; or 

 tufted (larch, cedar, pine). 



(c) As to insertion. Whether by a stalk (petiole) 

 (lime, &c.). or not (sessile), or by a sheath (grasses) ; 

 and whether the petiole is inserted at the bottom of 

 the blade, as in most plants, or in the centre, as in 

 the penny-wort 



(d} As to division. Whether simple (lime, ivy, 

 oak), or compound that is, formed of separate 

 pieces (leaflets), (ash, horse-chestnut, rose, pea, 

 bean). 



(e) Whether their margin is entire (privet) ; or 

 serrate, with teeth pointing upwards (lime) ; or 

 toothed, with teeth pointing outwards (holly) ; or 

 lobed (ivy, oak) ; or cut (hawthorn) ; or pinnati- 

 fied, cut on each side to the middle (dandelion) ; 

 or multifid, cut repeatedly into little segments 

 (parsley, milfoil). 



(/) Whether stipulate that is, having append- 

 ages at the base of the petiole (c) called stipules, 

 which may be persistent (rose, pea, heartsease), or 

 deciduous, that is, soon falling away (apple, oak, 

 beech; ; or if they are ex-stipulate, having no 

 stipules (privet, box). 



(g) If compound (d}. Whether the leaflets (d) are 

 digitate, spread out like the fingers (horse-chestnut) ; 

 or pinnate, having the leaflets in opposite or alter- 

 nate pairs, in which case there is sometimes a terminal 

 leaflet (ash), and sometimes none (pea). 



(/i) Other characters, relating to form, texture, sur- 

 face, colour, smell, are too numerous and detailed to 



