INTRODUCTION Vll 



8. That almost only the KAWAHLA ('AsABDA and GIHAYMAB) use 

 the BAB. 



9. That only the KABAfifsn ('AwAiDA) use the SHABIT. 



10. Almost only the KABABISH (SERAoAB and A. 'UKBA) use the 

 HADD. 



11. Only the KABABfsn (UM MATU) use the 'ASABA. 



12. Only the HowAwfR ('ABBASAB) use the peculiar large 'ERIK. 

 Certain other brands or combinations of brands will similarly become 



familiar in time ; but the marks used by the sedentary population will 

 always be a source of confusion since any villager is liable to use any 

 brand haphazard. 



Other animals besides camels are branded, but not to the same 

 extent, nor with the same consistency. 



Originally each section of a nomad tribe, and probably each tribe, 

 had some distinctive brand which was properly the brand used by the 

 family of its particular ancestor. As the family increased and inter- 

 married, different branches of it, connected with it by direct lineage or 

 by marriage, added different distinguishing marks ("FERAZ," Ar. jj) to 

 the original brand (WASM EL 'AsLi or WASM EL GEDD), and in many 

 cases the original brand itself has fallen into disuse : among the purer 

 nomads, however, e.g. among the KABAfifsH, KAWAHLA, and SHENABLA, 

 the original brands of the sections have generally survived and are 

 almost always used. 



H. A. M. 



i October, 1912. 



