LITERARY LABORS. 365 



. of combining the effect of landscape gardening with the 

 more utilitarian purposes of the grounds. In the arrange 

 ment of the grounds of suburban and country residences, 

 he introduced the planting of useful fruit-bearing trees, as 

 being ornamental objects as well. In order to study the hab 

 its, forms, and outlines of the various fruit trees, he visited 

 orchards in many parts of the country. Mr. Saunders also 

 combined garden architecture with other professional duties 

 among other things, introducing the now common mode of 

 building glass greenhouses with fixed roofs, instead of the 

 older mode of sliding sashes. 



An early, devoted attention to foreign grape culture in 

 duced the study of mildew and its causes. In this he was 

 led to the conclusion, which he afterward demonstrated as 

 fact, that this mildew was mainly produced by injudicious 

 ventilation. As a remedy, he advocated the admission of air 

 from the top only, and built many houses without any other 

 means of ventilation none being provided at the bottom. 



LITERARY LABORS. 



In 1850, Mr. Saunders, in a paper written for Hoveys 

 Magazine, showed the principles governing plant growth in 

 propagating from cuttings that of keeping the bottoms of 

 the cuttings from thirty to forty degrees Fahrenheit warmer 

 than the buds exposed above the surface thus exciting the 

 root-forming process, while bud-growth was retarded. This 

 paper was widely copied in European horticultural journals. 

 The practice thus recommended is now universally followed. 

 A suggestion that the rooting of cuttings was in a great 

 measure dependent upon the amount of starch contained in 

 them was, twenty years later, demonstrated as fact by the 

 investigations of German physiologists. 



