4 



the parasite had been accidentally introduced with the cane-hoppers in the 

 first instance, and had only made its appearance evident after the artificial 

 introduction. This, however, would not lessen the credit that attaches to 

 Koebele's work. 



Another thing they do not take into account is, that when the leaf-hopper 

 damage became acute, the methods of cultivating the cane were altered in 

 many places ; the refuse (probably containing many eggs and larvae) was burnt 

 instead of being buried, and new varieties of cane, with more resistant powers 

 to the attacks of the leaf-hoppers, were grown in the infested fields. 



Before we finish with this insect problem, I would point out that these 

 leaf-hoppers must still exist in considerable numbers ; so much so, that when 

 the Pure Foods Act came into operation in the United States, just before 

 I arrived at the islands, it was stated that some of the Hawaiian honey was 

 not up to the standard demanded by the chemists. This was a very serious 

 matter to the ranchmen, for nearly all of them ran apiaries on their 

 estates, particularly the American Sugar Company, who have an estate of 

 95,000 acres on the island of Molokai, where they have som<3 thousands of 

 hives. The chief flowers from which the honey is obtained are those of the 

 algeroba tree, which form great thickets all round the coasts and in the 

 valleys between the mountains. '\ his tree (Prosopis juliflora\ said to have 

 been introduced from Mexico, is identical, or closely allied to the species of 

 this genus known as the " Mesquite," and bears a great crop of slender beans 

 that are veiy good cattle and horse food. 



This is known as " Algeroba Honey" ; but about two-thirds of the crop i.s 

 an abnormal dark production, which is now known as "Honey-dew Honey." 

 This is produced by ihe bees collecting the honey-dew exuded by the swarms 

 of leaf-hopp-rs and aphis in th^ cane-fields. Van Dine says (Bulletin 17, 

 1908) : " The increase in the production of Hawaiian honey of recent years 

 corresponds with the advent of the introduced sugar-cane leaf-hopper into 

 the cane-fields, and the present extension of the business is in the vicinity of 

 the immense areas of land given to cane-culture." 



The officers of the Sugar Planters' Experiment Station may have had other 

 successful introductions, such as ladybird beetles, to eat up mealy bug and 

 other scale ; but many of the ladybird beetles have in turn died out, while 

 scale is quite common on trees and plants. 



The third institution that keeps a staff of trained entomologists is the 

 Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, of which Mr. Alex- 

 ander Craw is the Superintendent Entomologist ; Mr. Koebele is Consulting 

 Entomologist ; and Mr. Kotinsky is in charge of laboratories and field ento- 

 mology. The staff of this Territorial Department examine all products coming 

 into the island, and fumigate or destroy all plants, flour, grain, &c., which 

 may introduce pests. 



There are altogether nine working entomologists, without counting inspec- 

 tors, in the Hawaiian group. 



The chief industries in Hawaii are sugar, pine-apples, and rice. Regular 

 orchards, in our sense of the word, do not exist, with the exception of Mr. 

 Dames' beautiful grounds at Moanalua, where all kinds cf tropical fruits and 

 flowers are grown. All the lands that will grow cane are scientifically 

 cultivated, and a considerable amount is under irrigation, so that a very high 

 percentage of sugar is obtained. Last year the islands produced 137,750 

 tons of sugar. The whole of both field and mill labour is carried out by 

 Japanese coolies, both men and women working in the fields, and at Waialua 

 Sugar Mill, near Haleiwa, the only white men we met were the chief chemist 

 and an assistant; all the other employees w^re Japanese. 



