368 PROF. ST. GEORGE M1VAET ON THE 



haemal arch. The postzygapophyses of the eleventh vertebra hardly reach, if they do 

 reach, the postaxial end of its centrum ; the postzygapophyses of the twelfth vertehra 

 fail decidedly to extend postaxiad as far as the centrum. Thirteenth vertebra with a 

 haemal arch ; but this part is suddenly wanting in fourteenth ; fifteenth, sixteenth, and 

 seventeenth vertebrae with only a slight median ridge instead of a marked hypapo- 

 physis; postero-external angles of centrum of eighteenth vertebra not drawn out into 

 triangular processes ; nineteenth vertebra without a hypapophysis, and only slightly 

 compressed laterally. Dorsa of tenth to fourteenth cervical vertebrae not even much 

 flattened, and therefore certainly not antero-posteriorly grooved. No notable lateral 

 compression of vertebral centra, but most developed in from twenty-first to twenty-fifth 

 vertebrae ; vertebrae fourteenth to seventeenth flattened beneath ; no vertebrae opistho- 

 ccelous ; parapophyses of second sacral vertebra very much stronger than those of the 

 first ; parapophyses of sacro-caudal vertebrae suddenly bent dorsad. Ilio-caudal pro- 

 cesses either truncated or pointed ; obturator-foramen oval, relatively longer than in 

 Pelecanus ; sacro-sciatic foramina visible when the pelvis is viewed dorsally ; transverse 

 diameter of pelvis between its antitrochanteric processes only slightly in excess of that 

 of most preaxial part of ilia ; lateral acetabular fossae considerable and triangular ; no 

 supraacetabular fossae ; pelvis of moderate length ; postaxial half of external margins 

 of ischium concave ; ventral surface of conj oined ischium and ilium very small ; ventral 

 surface of the ischium strongly ridged ; ischium, external to obturator-foramen, narrow. 

 Pygostyle long, prismatic, ventrally flattened, and with a strong dorsal ridge ; its ventral 

 margin strongly concave. All but the last two long vertebral ribs with uncinate 

 processes ; last sternal ribs not expanded proximally. Sternum more than twice as long 

 as broad ; lateral xiphoid processes somewhat spatulate ; pleurosteon more narrowed 

 dorso-ventrally than in Pelecanus, but with five articular surfaces. 



PHALACROCORAX. 



Cervical vertebrae 17 or 18, cervico-dorsal 3 or 2, together 20; dorsal 5, lumbar 

 4 or 5, lumbo-sacral 1-3, sacral 1 or 2, sacro-caudal 7 or 8 ; caudal, without pygostyle, 

 5-8 : total 46-49. Vertebral ribs 7 or 8, sternal ribs 5. Vertebrae generally but little 

 swollen or pneumatic ; styloid processes long and very slender ; anterior cervical 

 vertebrae rather shorter relatively than in Pelecanus ; eighth and tenth vertebrae bend 

 dorsad from ninth ; hypapophyses large in the first to fourth and fourteenth to twenty- 

 seventh vertebrae, large in dorsal aud lumbo-sacral regions ; neural spine most prominent 

 in the seventh, eighth, and ninth of all the cervical vertebrae ; no vertebra with a com- 

 plete haemal arch ; no lateral ridges beneath fifteenth to twenty-sixth vertebrae ; ridges 

 and processes generally very sharp ; metapophyses relatively very large and prominent 

 indeed. Atlas with an odontoid foramen, and with three hypapophyses ; axis with very 

 long hypapophysis, moderate hyperapophyses, and no lateral foramen leading into 

 centrum ; third vertebra with very long hypapophysis, wide and very short lateral 



