CYSTITIS. 55 



genito-urinary apparatus are congested or inflamed. The 

 kidneys may sometimes appear perfectly healthy, but the 

 lining membrane of the bladder is always reddened. There 

 are ecchymoses and even spots of ulceration in the intestine. 

 Treatment. Mucilaginous and albuminous draughts,, lin- 

 seed tea, a strong emulsion of gum arabic, white of eggs, are 

 all very useful. Carnivorous animals should be excited to 

 vomit. Emollient clysters are of great service. Oleaginous 

 draughts are to be avoided, as oil dissolves the cantharidine, 

 and favours its absorption. 



LITHIASIS GEAVEL UEINAEY CALCULI. 



The deposit of solid elements from the urine in the form 

 of concretions in different parts of the urinary apparatus, 

 occurs not unfrequently in the lower animals. To this disease 

 the term 'lithiasis' has been applied, from the Greek \t,0os, a 

 stone. 



Causes. The state of knowledge on the subject of lithiasis 

 in the lower animals is not so advanced as to enable us to 

 say much as to its causes. We know that the urine becomes 

 charged with principles likely to crystallize or induce crys- 

 tallization in the living body. The principles are derived 

 from the food and water. Accordingly, we find that calcu- 

 lous diseases are enzootic, and connected probably with 

 peculiarities of soil which lead to the waters of a district 

 becoming specially charged with salts of lime, magnesia, 

 &c. Certain manures are apt to favour the development of 

 the disease, and especially the phosphatic deposits. In order 

 to acquire an accurate knowledge on this subject, it is essen- 

 tial to study the chemical constitution of calculous concre- 

 tions, and of the food, water, soils, and manures used in the 

 districts where they occur. As yet the most accurate infor- 

 mation obtained we owe to a very distinguished German 



