352 CCENUKUS CEKEBKALIS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. 



calves received proglottides of tsenia coenurus, and out of 

 these 22 became affected with sturdy. Symptoms of the 

 disease became manifest from 7 days to 2 and even nearly 

 4 months after the proglottides had been swallowed by the 

 sheep. The rapidity with which sturdy developes is almost in 

 direct ratio with the length of time, within certain limits, 

 that the joints of the tapeworm have been exposed to the air 

 and moisture. The tardy manifestations of symptoms in some 

 cases probably depends on the ready adaptation of the brain 

 to the developing cysts. The number of coenuri found in 

 the brain varied from 4 to upwards of 200. They were gene- 

 rally distributed throughout the substance of the brain. 

 Encysted and undeveloped embryos are found frequently in 

 the muscular tissue, especially of the oesophagus, intestine, 

 diaphragm, and heart. The experiments fail if proper at- 

 tention be not paid in procuring mature joints of tsenia 

 ccenurus.* 



It is a fact that sturdy rarely affects sheep above two years 

 of age, usually lambs under a year old ; it is more frequently 

 seen in some breeds, such as among the Cheviots, than in 

 others, and affects enfeebled animals, more especially in the 



* Until 1853, the period of Kiichenmeister's experiments on the 

 transmission of coenurus cerebralis, many were the supposed causes of 

 sturdy. As a matter of curiosity, a few may be referred to, and I shall 

 mention those which have been most believed in by farmers and shep- 

 herds : Lullin and Gerike thought sturdy was serous apoplexy, or 

 dropsy of the brain, from violent blows. Many have believed that 

 humidity produced the disease, and Navieres suggested that a fly 

 deposited eggs in the brain by perforating the skull, and the eggs 

 developed into the hyatid met with in the sturdy. The Ettrick Shep- 

 herd stated that sturdy was due to cold affecting the sheep's loins, espe- 

 cially during windy and rainy winter seasons. We have been asked how 

 to explain the prevention of sturdy by covering the sheep's loins. Ad- 

 mitting that occasionally this may protect them, we shall afterwards 



