CCENUKUS CEREBEALIS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. 357 



by constipation, delirium, convulsions, and early death, unless 

 the animal be relieved by a brisk purgative. 



Sturdy is also confounded with the attacks of the sheep- 

 bot, which is lodged in the frontal sinuses, and produces great 

 irritation, swelling of the pituitary membrane, and discharge 

 from the nose. The animal loses appetite, becomes dull, 

 prostrate, is attacked with convulsions, and sometimes dies. 



The Scotch shepherds have become expert in the treat- 

 ment of sturdy. They feel for the softened part of the skull, 

 pierce the brain with an instrument called a borer, draw off 

 the liquid from within the cyst of the parasite through a can- 

 ula by means of a syringe, and, if possible, they seize the 

 bladder and draw it out. Many cases are successful if oper- 

 ated on sufficiently early, and when there is but one bladder 

 in the brain. 



EOT IN SHEEP: CACHEXIA AQUOSA; THE FLUKE DISEASE; 



ATTACKS OF DISTOMA ELEPATICUM. 

 This most destructive disease has attracted more than ordi- 

 nary attention of late years, owing to its extraordinary pre- 

 valence in 1860, and also in the year now closing. Pro- 

 fessor Simonds, in a recent essay on this malady,* says, after 

 referring to a number of extraordinary outbreaks: "Erom 

 1830 to the present time several visitations, which were 

 more or less severe, took place. One of these occurred in 

 1853-54, when many thousands of sheep were swept away, 

 and not only in undrained districts, but also in others of a 

 more healthy character. Since 1830, however, no outbreak 

 can at all be compared to the one of the autumn and winter 

 of 1860. Speaking in general terms, it may be affirmed 



* The Hot in Sheep, its Nature, Cause, Treatment, and Prevention, 

 by James Beart Simonds. London, 1862. 



