- 99 



shaken than from an ordinary late frost. * * * The evergreens should be 

 planted in lines parallel with the pear rows, and they will more than pay 

 for the ground they occupy in protecting the fruit trees from heavy gales. 

 Quinn, Pear Culture for Profit, 19. 



It is within the power of man greatly to modify the character of a situa- 

 tion by the judicious planting of belts of evergreens, by a wise addition of 

 elements and a proper culture of the soil, and by encouraging the shade of 

 the vineyard itself wherever circumstances indicate its necessity. Strong, 

 Culture of the Grape, 101. 



In general, it will be found necessary to secure protection on the west, 

 north, and northeast. * * * No defense is better than a good belt of Nor- 

 way spruce, and if they form a crescent in which the vineyard is embowered, 

 but little danger need be apprehended from violent winds. Phin, Open 

 Air Grape Culture, 40. 



If the land has no protection from the north and northwest, see what the 

 facilities are for supplying one either by walls or a belt of trees. If trees 

 are to be used, evergreens are best. Fuller, Grape Culturist, 89. 



The location [for the vineyard] should be sheltered from the cold winds 

 from the north and northwest. Husman, Culture of the Native Grape, 43. 



EPITOME OF BENEFITS DERIVED FROM A WINDBREAK, 

 Stated somewhat in order of importance. 



1. A windbreak may protect the plantation from cold. 



2. Reduces evaporation from the surface of the soil, tending 

 to mitigate drought in summer, and root injury in winter. 



3. Lessens windfalls. 



4. lessens the breaking of trees which are laden with fruit or 



ice. 



5. Retains snow and leaves, thus tending to prevent deep freez- 

 ing and excessive evaporation: 



6. Facilitates labor in the fruit plantation. 



7. Protects blossoms from severe winds. 



8. Enables trees to grow straighter than if exposed. 



9. Reduces injury from the drying of small fruits on the plants. 



10. Holds the sand in certain sections. 



11. Sometimes causes fruits to ripen earlier. 



12. Encourages birds. 



13. It can be made an ornament. 



