MICHIGAN'S SHIFTING SANDS. 



17 



lished. A very noteworthy example of UK- success of the efforts to bind 

 drifting sand was found at Manistce on a dune known as rivrping .I<><-. 

 a large formation formerly covering one hundred or more acres. This 

 dune is shown in figs. (5 and 7, in 1JMM-. about two years after ihe <Jovern- 

 ment planting was injide. \'ery extensive plantings of beach grass, 

 covering tlie face toward the lake, were established nniformly ami 

 reached to the crown of the main dune. Where permanent planting of 

 black locust, Carolina poplar, sprnee or pine was made in groups 01 

 blocks a crust was formed by the grass and tree roots which held the 

 sand. Where no tree planting was made and where grass was depended 



Fig. S. Black Lo.usl -i-o \vtli in a clump on (he southwest slope of Cm-ping J<>e. /vprn- 



ment planting of l<>02-3. This tree resisted successfully the burying action <>t 

 while spruce, larch, pine and fir were killed. 1'atches of marram remain m tlie pro 

 spots. 



upon solely to form the cover, frequent breaks occurred which gradually 

 widened until all signs of grass or other growth were totally lost. (Fig. 

 S.) The poplars completed the crnst and windbreak, but were noi suii.-d 

 to form a permanent cover. Blocks of black locust and spruce were used 

 which have formed a permanent cover, and in 1!>U. twelve years after 

 planting, these blocks were withstanding ihe wind and sand action per- 

 fectly. (Fig. 8.) On the areas where only grass was used as a cover 

 nothing remained in 1914. Several places were found where poplars 

 had been planted in. 1902. (Fig. 9.) These were gradually being over- 

 come by the sand but still plenty of shelter was provided by (lie growl 

 present to insure establishment of a permanent forest. Such was 

 condition found at the crest of the once active dune twelve years aft 

 the temporary plantings of grass and poplars. At any time during the 

 interval of this dozen years a planting of permanent forest trees coul 

 have been made with every chance of success. There were several no t< 

 worthy examples of blocks of permanent planting on the windward i 

 of the dnne as shown in Figs, s and 10. No permanent planting followed 

 the grass planting, the result being that the block of locust 



