232 FOREST CULTURE AND 
resisting extreme heat than the commonash. The 
Red Ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.), the Green Ash 
(F. viridis, Michx.), the Black Ash (F. sambucifolia, 
Lam.), and the Carolina Ash (F. platycarpa, Michx.), 
are of smaller size. 
Fraxinus excelsior, L.—The ordinary Ash of Eu- 
rope and West Asia. Height eighty feet, of compar- 
atively quick growth, known to attain an age of nearly 
two hundred years. Rich soil on forest rivulets or 
river-banks suit it best ; wood remarkably tough and 
elastic, used for agricultural and other implements, 
for oars, axletrees and many other purposes. Six 
peculiar kinds of ash-trees occur in Japan, some also 
in the Indian highlands ; all might be tried here. 
Fraxinus floribunda, Don.—Nepal Ash, forty feet 
high. 
Fraxinus Ornus, L.—The Manna Ash of the Med- 
iterranean regions. Height about thirty feet. It 
yields the medicinal manna. 
Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx.—The Blue Ash 
of North America. One of the tallest of the ashes, 
seventy feet high, with an excellent timber. 
Fraxinus viridis, Mich.—The Green Ash of North 
America. Height seventy feet ; wood excellent. 
Gleditschia triacanthos, L.—The deciduous Honey 
Locust-tree of North America. Height up to eighty 
feet. Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile. Sown close- 
ly, this plant forms impenetrable, thorny, not readily 
combustible hedges. An allied species, the G. hor- 
rida, Willd., in East Asia. The Water Locust-tree of 
North America (Gleditschia monosperma, Walt.), will 
grow in swamps to eighty feet. 
Grevillea robusta, Cunningh.—Our beautiful Lawn- 
