390 FOREST CULTURE AND 
and Africa south of the Equator, yet perhaps new 
roses may be discovered, as they have been traced 
South to Abyssinia already. 
Rosmarinus officinalis, L.—The Rosemary. Coun- 
tries around the Mediterranean Sea. This well-known 
bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant, from 
which a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. 
One of our best plants for large garden edgings. The 
oil enters into certain compositions of perfumery. 
Rubia cordifolia, L. (R. Mungista, Roxb.)—From 
the Indian Highlands through China and Siberia to 
Japan ; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as 
far south as Caffraria and Natal. This perennial plant 
produces, also, a kind of Madder. Probably other 
species yield likewise dye-roots. The genus is repre- 
sented widely over the globe, but, as far as known, not 
in Australia. 
Rubia tinctorum, L.—The Madder. Countries 
around the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb of 
extremely easy culture. The roots, merely dried and 
pounded, form the dye. The chemical contents are 
numerous; in the herb: Rubichloric and Rubitannic 
acid ; in the root: Alizarin, Purpurin, Rubiacin, Ru- 
bian, Ruberythrin acid, and three distinct resins; also 
Chlorogenin, Xanthin and Rubichloric acid. On the 
five first depend the pigments produced from the root. 
Madder is one of the requisites for Alizarin Ink. 
Rubus Canadensis, L.*—The Dewberry of North 
America. <A shrub of trailing habit. Fruit black, of 
excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of R. villo- 
sus, Ait., which constitutes the High Blackberry of the 
United States, with large fruits. 
Rubus Chameemorus, L.—The Cloud-berry. North 
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