510 FOREST CULTURE AND 
' feet in the Himalayas, eastward to Japan. R. cauda- 
tus, L., the radish, with long, edible pods, is regarded 
by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere variety, and he thinks 
that all sprung from the ordinary R. Raphanistrum, 
L., of Europe. 
Rhamnus Greecus, Reuter.— Greece. From this 
shrub, and to a less extent from the allied R. pruni- 
folius, Sibth., are the green - dye berries collected in 
Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs 
grow on stony mountains, up to 2,500 feet. 
Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott. — Chile, where 
it is called the Litre. A small or middle - sized tree, 
the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, 
axletrees, and select furniture. The plant seems nei- 
ther caustic nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Philippi). 
Royenia pseudebenus, E. Meyer. — South Africa. 
Only a small tree, but its wood jet- black, hard and 
durable; thus, in Capeland and Caffraria, called ebony. 
R. pubescens, Willd., according to Dr. Pappe, fur- 
nishes there a wood adapted for xylography. This 
may give a clue to the adaptability of many other kinds 
of woods in the large order of Ebenaceze as substitutes 
for the Turkish boxwood. 
Ruscus aculeatus, Linné. — Middle and South Eu- 
rope, North Africa, South-west Asia. This odd plant 
is the only shrubby species of the genus. It serves 
for forming garden-hedges. The young shoots of this 
and others are edible. 
Rubia peregrina, Linné. — Middle and South Eu- 
rope, South-west Asia. This perennial species yields 
also madder-root. Several other kinds deserve com- 
parative test-culture. 
Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Bur- 
