THE SUMMITS 167 



as well as in those of the spruce and sub-alpine fir. In fact 

 most of them may be found at altitudes varying from 3,000 to 

 8,000 feet under moist and sheltered conditions "at the same lat- 

 itude. 



Herbaceous plants of the sub-alpine zone, especially in the 

 open parks, are many and some of those collected by the writer 

 in different places in Montana are as follows: 

 Lanicera Utahensis Claytonia megarrhiza 



Deschampsia atropnrpurea Anemone parviflora 

 Phleum alpinum Pulsatilla occidentalis 



Carex atrata Draba crassi folia 



" Montanensis Mitella pentandra 



" Mertensii Parnassia fimbriala 



Scirpus trichophorum Dodecatheon pauciflarum 



Eriophorum gracile Epilobium Hornemannii 



Eleocharis acicularis Phacelia sericea 



Juncoides glabratum Mimulus Lewisii 



Xcrophyllum Douglasii " moscliata 



Veratrum Californicum Castilleja miniata 



Erythroniwm graudiflorum Erigeron macrantlius 

 Calocliortus apiculatus Arnica ventorum 



Spirant lies strict a 



Usually the whole of the above list may be collected in any 

 of the mountain parks of the Montana Rockies, in flower or 

 fruit between the middle of July and the middle of August. 

 Juncoides glabratum is conspicuous and abundant, forming a 

 veritable sod over laro-e areas with grasses and sedges in the 

 wetter portions along the water courses and elsewhere, mingled 

 with Mimulus, Epilobium, and Spiranthes. In the dryer places 

 Erigeron is conspicuous along with Anemone, Castilleja, Ery- 

 tlironium, Claijionia and many others in a riot of luxuriance and 

 color. On the slopes with better drainage Xerophyllum is dom- 

 inant plant, even on stony ridges and the older talus. Ery- 

 thronium grandiflorum, Calochortus apiculatus, Castilleja mini- 

 ata andErigeron macrantlms of the above list, and others that 

 might be mentioned, are equally as abundant in many places at 

 altitudes of 3,000 to 4,000 feet as in the mountain parks at 

 6,000 feet or more elevation, though their flowering season is 

 from one to three months earlier. Erytlironium in the vicinity 



