viii CONTENTS 



CHAPTER IX. SOFTWOOD DISTILLATION 



PAGE 



General 225 



Destructive distillation 227 



Steam distillation and extraction 230 



Utilization of products 233 



Future of industry 232 



CHAPTER X. CHARCOAL 



General 235 



Woods used and yields 236 



Processes used 238 



Utilization and prices 245 



CHAPTER XI. BOXES AND BOX SHOOKS 



General 248 



Qualities desired in woods used for boxes 249 



Species used and annual consumption 250 



Manufacture 253 



Sizes and specifications 254 



Export of shocks 260 



CHAPTER XII. CROSS TIES 



General 263 



Species used 264 



Requirements of a good tie 267 



Sawed versus hewed ties 269 



Specifications and prices 270 



Making and delivery to market 277 



General 277 



Stumpage 277 



Suitable sized timber for hewing 278 



Number of ties per thousand board feet 279 



Hewing 280 



Skidding 283 



Hauling 283 



Other forms of transportation 284 



Summary of operating costs 285 



Sawed ties 287 



Seasoning 289 



Life of untreated ties 291 



The preservative treatment of ties 293 



The protection of ties against mechanical wear 294 



CHAPTER XIII. POLES AND PILING 



General 299 



Qualifications desired in pole and pile timbers 299 



Species and amount used 300 



