LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv 



FIG. 



74. Hauling Douglas fir ties to the landing or chute with the "go-devil" ............. 283 



75. Ties hauled from i to 3 miles by wagon to the landing at the flume. Western 



Mon tana ............................................................... 285 



76. Loading ties from barges to cars at Metropolis, Illinois ......................... 287 



77. Conventional methods of piling cross-ties ..................................... 289 



78. Method of using " S " irons to prevent the further opening of checks in cross ties.. 291 



79. Graphic representation of the price levels of Xo. i white and red oak ties delivered 



f.o.b. cars at East St. Louis for the years 1002 to 1917, inclusive .............. 294 



80. The effect of the nail spike and the screw spike on wood fibers of ties ............ 296 



81. Peeling western red cedar poles in the Priest River Valley, Kaniksu National Forest, 



Idaho .................................................................. 302 



82. Loading chestnut poles. Pern' County, Pennsylvania ......................... 315 



83. The beginning of a new pole yard in northern Idaho ........................... 315 



84. Method used in piling poles to facilitate drying ............................... 317 



85. Loading southern white cedar telephone and telegraph poles at Wilmington, North 



Carolina ............................................................... 318 



86. Method employed in piling and loading poles on cars .......................... 320 



87. Method of treating poles in an open tank to increase their length of service ....... 322 



88. Pole yard and treating plant at Gaulsheim, Germany .......................... 324 



89. Over 500,000.000 posts are used annually on the farms and along the railways of this 



country ................................................................ 327 



oo. Preservative treatment of fence posts by the open-tank method ................. 328 



91. Beech, birch and maple cordwood cut and stacked for seasoning in the woods. 



Delaware County, New York ............................................. 337 



92. Woodyard with a capacity of 5000 cords of fuel wood along the Potomac River 



Washington, D. C ........................................................ 341 



93. Two cut-up saws operated by electric motor ................................... 346 



94. Hauling cordwood near Custer City, Pennsylvania ............................ 347 



95. About 500 cords of wood piled in the municipal yard of Columbia, South Carolina 349 



96. Shingle packer or buncher .................................................. 366 



97. About 100,000 shakes made from five sugar pines in the Sierra National Forest, 



California .............................................................. 371 



98. The old primitive and wasteful method of tapping sugar maples used by the Indians 375 



99. The old-fashioned method of reducing the sap to syrup by boiling down in copper 



kettles in the woods ..................................................... 377 



100. Tapping a sugar maple in the Adirondacks ................................... 386 



101. Modern tin pails with covers to keep the sap free of rain, bark, twigs and other 



impurities. Hardwick, Vermont ............. ........................... . . 388 



102. A recent development in the maple sugar and syrup industry ................... 389 



103. A typical sugar house in the "sugar bush" .................................... 300 



104. Gathering the sap in a northern New York sugar bush ......................... 393 



105. Interior of a sugar house showing the steaming evaporator at the left and the sugar- 



ing-off arch at the left ................................................... 395 



106. Ground plan of a i4-ft. by 2o-f t. foot sugar house equipped with a modem evapo- 



rator .................................................................. 397 



107. A maple tree on the Spalding farm, Amsden, Vermont, with 32 buckets hung at one 



time ................................................................... 309 



108. Two-year old rubber trees grown in plantation in Sumatra ..................... 402 



109. Method of tapping rubber trees in plantation in Sumatra ....................... 407 



1 10. Close view of tapping methods and cups used in collecting the latex ............. 409 



in. Curve representing the world's production of rubber from 1000 to 1918, inclusive. . 411 



