136 FOREST PRODUCTS 



process. The loss in the manufacture of heading is even much greater, 

 the waste commonly reaching 60 or 70 per cent of the original logs or 

 bolts. A good portion of this waste is frequently unpreventable. The 

 chief sources of waste are as follows: 



1. Severely checked logs and bolts resulting from too long exposure 

 in the woods or in the yard. Green material brought directly from the 

 woods and used immediately makes the best stock. 



2. Logs suitable only for heading are cut up into stave lengths or 

 multiples thereof and later found to be only useful for heading. This 

 results from careless or incompetent inspection of the raw material. 



3. Logs are frequently bolted into lengths suitable for making a 

 certain sized heading or staves and later used for shorter staves or smaller 

 heading. In the making of many thousand staves and sets of heading 

 daily the loss in trimming, due to this carelessness, may determine to a 

 considerable degree the character of the profits. In some mills head- 

 ing bolts are cut 21 in. long when only iy| or smaller heading will be 

 circled out of them. Bolts for 32-in. staves are often cut into 28^-in. 

 staves, etc. 



4. Faulty or careless manufacture, such as in handling the stock, 

 useless waste in jointing both staves and heading, and in bolting and 

 quartering the stock are common sources of waste. Only too often care- 

 less methods of piling staves for seasoning result in a serious loss. 



Although considerable loss is occasioned in the manufacture of 

 slack-barrel stock, up-to-date plants utilize practically all of the waste 

 material. The sawdust and some of the smaller pieces go to the furnaces 

 in the power plant, the ashes being sold for fertilizer. Some of the larger 

 material is utilized for trunk slats, crate stock, furniture parts,' chair 

 rungs, toy stock, etc. The principal forms of waste occurring in the 

 process of manufacture aside from those mentioned above, are as follows: 



(a) " Goosenecks," the waste from the heading turner. 



(6) " Listings," narrow strips removed by the stave jointer. 



(c) Corner wood odd corners left after staves are made from the 

 stave bolts. 



(d) Culled staves and blockwood consisting of culls from heading 

 material. 



One of the largest cooperage mills in the country sends all of its 

 waste wood to a wood distillation plant for which $2.75 is secured per 

 cord f.o.b. cars at the cooperage mill. 



