TIGHT COOPERAGE 151 



mer. The bolt makers, as a rule, work by contract by the piece, $2.00 

 to 82.75 per cord being paid for felling the timber, making the bolts and 

 removing the bark which is done in the same operation. They are 

 immediately graded and all bolts taken which will make pork or oil 

 staves or better. 



Bolts are then hauled in immediately to the mill and sawed before 

 seasoning. They may be ricked or stacked at the mill for from ten to 



Photograph bv V. S. Forest Service. 



FIG. 35. White oak butt cut for stave bolts from which twelve bolts were obtained. The four 

 interior sections are called heart bolts and the exterior sections sap bolts. Very often 

 both the sapwood and heart of a log are cut away and wasted, leaving only a com- 

 paratively small portion to be utilized. Giles Co., Tennessee. 



thirty days. On these hauls, country roads are usually very poor and 

 rather rough. On " rough going " bolts are seldom hauled more than 

 three miles. Hauling is done the year round by four-wheeled wagons and 

 teams, one-third to one-half a cord usually making up a load. The 

 common practice is to let out the hauling by contract to farmers and local 

 owners of teams. The cost ordinarily runs about $2.25 per cord for a 



