356 



FOREST PRODUCTS 



raw material at a relatively low figure and it generally was of such high 

 quality that profits were excellent. 



The logging expense during 1916-1917 on a large operation in south- 

 ern white cedar was as follows: 



COST OF LOGGING SHINGLE BOLTS, SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR 



1 Data supplied by Reber F. Clark. 



- As noted above each cord contains about 500 bd.-ft. by the Doyle rule. 



SHINGLE MACHINES 



There are various forms of shingle machines now placed upon the 

 market. Formerly they were entirely of the horizontal variety with a 

 provision to make the standard shingle with a thick butt and a thin 

 tip. Machines used in the early days of the industry were devised to 

 cut from i to 10 blocks at the same time. In recent years, the horizontal 

 machines have been largely supplanted by the upright shingle machines. 



The equipment in a modern shingle mill usually consists of the fol- 

 lowing machinery: 



(1) A drag or swinging circular cut-off saw, usually run by steam 

 or electricity to cut logs or bolts to the desired length. Drag saws are 

 generally preferred with large timber as they are adaptable to all sized 

 logs. However, they are objectionable because they do not make a 

 smooth cut and, therefore, result in rough butted shingles. Bolts are 

 usually cut into shingle block lengths by means of small stationary 

 circular saws. 



(2) A bolter or " knee bolter," a circular saw revolving in a hori- 

 zontal plane and fed by a small carriage controlled by the knee of the 

 operator. This saw is used to remove the bark and any exterior defects 

 and cut the bolt into proper sizes for the shingle machine. 



(3) The shingle machines were formerly of the horizontal type, as 

 stated above, but have been largely replaced by the upright machines 

 which were introduced within recent years from the Lake States. All 



